Pollinators,such as honeybees and bumble bees,are crucial to the harvest.During their foraging behavior,bees are also exposed to the risk of poisoning due to chemical pesticide treatments.At the same time,they are also very sensitive to chemical pesticides for its morphological and ethological features,therefore,it is very important to assess the hazard of pesticides on bees systematic and measure the toxicity of pesticides to bees for bee protection and new pesticides exploitation.Many measuring methods we...