It is insufficient to describe the flowrate characteristic of pneumatic circuit completely only by using one characteristic parameter such as effective area S. The flowrate characteristic of the circuit can be cotripletely and scientifically described by two characteristic parameters, the effective area under the choke flow (S) and the critical pressure ratio (b). The pneumatic circuit consists of many components. when the values of S and b of each component are given, the values of S and b of the circuit m...