Nitrogen (N) is a fundamental component of living organisms, and it has been strongly influenced by human activity. From the pre-industrial era to 1990, reactive N input to the global terrestrial system increased twofold. The massive N input has enabled humankind to greatly increase food production. However, excessive N can induce a series of economic and environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain, nitrate pollution in groundwater, eutrophication of lakes...