Village landscapes, which integrate small-scale agriculture with housing, forestry and a host of other land use practices, are a mosaic of natural environment and human management, and cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales (≤30 m), with managers both adapting their practices to existing variation in soils and terrain (e.g. fertile plains vs. infertile slopes) and also altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrig...