Molecular oxygen (O2) is an absolute requirement for efficient production of ATP though oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic organisms. In eukaryotes, oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Higher plants are aerobic organisms requiring molecular oxygen to support respiration and various other life-sustaining oxidations. But they frequently experience a low oxygen (hypoxia) environment mainly due to soil waterlogging or complete flooding, soil compaction, or poor...