Primary liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death globally. Despite advances in treatment modalities, long-term survival of HCC patients remains unsatisfactory because of the high rate of recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, recurrence and metastasis have emerged as the main obstacle to achieve better theraputic effects.
The vast majority of previous studies fo...