Bark beetles are a group of the most important forest insect pests which cause significant economic and ecological losses when the population reaches epidemic level. The pioneer bark beetles can kill the healthy trees as the direct threats to the forest. Although the secondary bark beetles mainly attack weaken or dying trees, they can also attack healthy trees at high population densities.
The objects of the dissertation mainly focus on two conifer bark beetles, one is the Asian larch bark beetle, Ips s...
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