ObjectiveArisolochic Acid Nephropathy (AAN) is a renal disease reported after the introduction of Chinese herbs contained aristolochic acid. The chronic Aristolo-chic Acid nephropathy (CAAN) is the commonest in different AANs. Rapidly progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis and early, severe anaemia and urothelial malignancy of the upper urinary is the characteristics of AAN. Recently, attention has focused on the mechanism of fibrosis and anaemia in AAN.Many Chinese herbs contain aristolochic acid, which w...