以华北平原典型的集约化种植体系小麦-玉米、大棚蔬菜和果树为研究对象,通过农户跟踪调查、土壤、植株和灌水采样分析、地下水动态监测,详细分析了不同集约化种植体系土壤质量变化、氮素平衡对土壤硝态氮残留和地下水硝酸盐含量的影响,集约化种植为主体的农户氮素循环特点与损失途径,并探讨了优化施氮措施的产量效应及其对减少氮素淋洗的潜力。
(1) 山东省惠民县主要种植作物为小麦、玉米、棉花、果树和大棚蔬菜。小麦、玉米、棉花、果园、大棚蔬菜和露地菜化肥氮用量分别为340、234、234、519、1382和627kg hm~(-2)N,果树、大棚蔬菜和露地菜有机肥氮用量分别为282、1142和211 kg hm~(-2)N。远远超过作物正常生长对氮素的需求水平。
(2) 典型调查表明,大棚菜地土壤养分大量积累,尤其是硝态氮和速效磷积累程度较高,0-90cm土层硝态氮累积量达1390 kg hm~(-2)N,为大田的5.6倍,速效磷含量为大田的8.4倍。大棚菜地土壤中累积的养分还存在严重的淋溶现象。大棚菜地有机质、全氮和有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量也显著高于大田...
【英文摘要】
By conducting the succeeding farmer survey, the sampling and analysis of soil, crop, and irrigation water, and the monitoring dynamics of nitrate in groundwater, this paper, taking the typical intensive cropping systems wheat-maize double cropping system, greenhouse vegetable, and orchard as the research object, has particularly analyzed the changes of soil quality in different intensive cropping systems, the effects of nitrogen balance on soil nitrate-N residue and ground water nitrate concentra...