Background The sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure(BP), mainly through activating α- and P-adrenergic receptors (β_1-ARs) in the effector organs, including heart, kidney, and blood vessels. Since the introduction of propranolol in 1965, β-blockers have become major first-line drugs for hypertension. Through the inhibition of β_1- ARs in heart and kidney, p-blockers lower high blood pressure via decreasing cardiac output and plasma renin activity owing to the r...