Objective: Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is a common pathological features of most end-stage kidney disease. The accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting from the unbalance of synthesis and degradation is the main cause of TIF. Numbers of clinical pathology observations have shown that tubulointerstitial injury plays more important role than glomerular damage on renal failure. Because renal tubule and interstitium are intimate in structure and function, the tubular injury always ...