The PZT-based electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method has been developed as a promising tool for real-time damage assessment of large and complex structures due to the advantages as follows:being sensitive to local minor damages because of high actuating frequency (greater than 30 kHz); not based on any model and can deal with unpredicted failure patterns; excellent features of PZT under normal working conditions; etc. Unlike the conventional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method, the EMI techni...