Human low-quality semen is a pathological semen, which has low semen routine parameters, characteristics and/or poor sperm functions. During cryopreservation, sperm undergo dramatic changes in intracellular and extracellutar environments due to exposure to cryoprotants, cooling, freezing, storing in liquid nitrogen, and thawing. The chemical and physical effects of these processes may cause extensive cryodamage to sperm membranes that can greatly influence sperm functions for human low-quality semen. Theref...