Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in fresh water bodies has been becoming a kind of ecological disaster worldwide. One of the most harmful effects of cyanobacteria blooms is typically from the toxins produced by the algae, which present a major threat to the health of human, livestock and wildlife. Of all the algal toxins, microcystins are the most toxic and abundant species. Most investigations into the toxicity of microcystins are focused on animals. In this paper, the ecophysiological effects of microcystins o...