Background and objectives
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. It is evident that with population aging, AF has become an important issue of public health. Rapid atrial excitement may cause electrophysiological alterations and promote the occurrence and maintenance of AF. The process called“atrial remodeling in AF”firstly described by Wijffels et al in 1995, which shedded lights on the mechanism of AF. During atrial electrophysiological remodeli...