【摘要】 目的:对国内井冈山地区小城镇体育发展的现状进行系统调查,找出制约经济欠发达的井冈山地区小城镇体育发展的症结,为全面实施小城镇发展战略,提供体育方面的可参考数据。方法:于2004-10/2005-06采用全面、分层、分片的原则确定茨坪等5个县级镇和兴桥等10个乡级镇作为调查对象。采用问卷调查与现场访谈相结合的方法,对居住在井冈山地区小城镇的部分不同性别、年龄、学历、职业、环境的普通人群和从事体育教学、管理的专家进行调访。结果:群众问卷共发放1200份,回收1156份,有效问卷1078份,有效率为93.25%;专家问卷共发放300份,回收271份,有效问卷258份,有效率为95.20%。①从开展的地域来看:62.75%的专家认为难点在农村,18.30%的专家认为在街道和社区,9.74%的专家认为在企业、工矿区,5.93%的专家认为在行政事业单位,3.27%的专家认为在少数民族地区。②从开展的时间特征来看:31.21%的专家认为难点是闲暇时间不足,27.39%的专家认为闲暇时间零散,17.83%的专家认为是体育场馆的开放时间与健身者活动时间不一致,14.65%的专家认为是体育健身指导员的工作时间与健身者的活动时间不一致,8.92%的专家认为有其他的原因。③从开展的空间特征来看:群众问卷调查结果表明,井冈山地区小城镇体育活动场地、体育馆等设施较少,占样本总数的73.20%;体育场地设施对全社会开放的程度低和体育场馆、设施的收费过高,各占9.80%;体育场馆设施部署不合理,占5.88%;其他因素占1.31%。④从开展的年龄特征来看:34.15%的专家认为难点是中年人(36～59岁),31.10%的专家认为是青年人(17～35岁),15.24%的专家认为是儿童和少年(8～16岁),12.8%的专家认为是幼儿,6.71%的专家认为是老年。⑤从受教育的程度来看:36.13%的专家认为难点在小学学历的人群,27.74%的专家认为在初中学历的人群,21.27%的专家认为在高中或中专学历的人群,12.26%的专家认为在大专或大学学历的人群,2.58%的专家认为在研究生及以上学历的人群。⑥从性别和健康状况来看:32.42%的专家认为难点在妇女,28.13%的专家认为在男性,39.45%的专家认为无性别差异。16.41%的专家认为难点在体弱多病(含残疾)人群,56.64%的专家认为在亚健康人群,26.95%的专家认为在健康人群。⑦从管理体系来看:群众问卷调查结果表明,县文体局占30.7%,镇政府占19.87%,没有部门管理占19.21%,县教委占15.03%,大型企业占9.27%,县政府占7.28%。⑧从资金情况来看:群众问卷调查结果表明,政府财政拨款占样本总数71.24%,市文体局筹集资金占样本总数52.29%,厂矿企业单位出资占样本总数33.33%,社会赞助占样本总数30.70%,个人自发筹资占样本总数28.76%,国家、集体、个人共同出资占样本总数34.64%,其他途径占样本总数30.70%。结果表明井冈山地区小城镇体育经费来源类型采用的是“结合型”。结论:井冈山地区的小城镇居民认为制约当地开展体育健身活动的因素依次:体育场馆设施建设、居民收入、政府重视程度、公民的体育参与意识、体育经费投入;专家认为是:政府重视程度、体育场馆设施建设、居民收入、体育经费的投入、公民的体育参与意识。调查从不同的视角剖析了开展小城镇体育的难点,为进一步提出解决制约因素、构建小城镇体育和谐发展提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 AIM: Through systematical investigation on the actuality of sport development in small town of Jinggangshan, to find out the reasons restricting the sport development in the undeveloped town, so as to provide the reference on sport for comprehensively carrying out the development strategy of the small town. METHODS: With comprehensive, stratified and partial principles, 5 county towns such as Ciping and 10 rural towns such as Xingqiao were selected for investigation. With questionnaire and interviewing methods, the ordinary inhabitants and experts in physical education, management with different sexes, ages, educations, professions and surroundings in the small town of Jinggangshan district were investigated. RESULTS: Totally 1 200 copies of questionnaire were sent out to the ordinary inhabitants, of which 1 156 copies were got back, and 1 078 were valid with the validity of 93.25%; also 300 copies were given out to the experts, of which 271 were retrieved and 258 were valid with validity of 95.20%. ①Factor of district: 62.75% experts regarded the rural areas as the core problem, 18.30% regarded the neighborhoods and communities, 9.74% regarded the enterprise and mining areas, 5.93% regarded the administrative institutions, and 3.27% regarded the minorities. ②Factor of time: Lacking of leisure time accounted for 31.21%, fragment of leisure time accounted for 27.39%; 17.83% occupied in the disaccord between the opening time of stadium and activity time of exercisers, 14.65% occupied in the disaccord between the working time of physical instructors and the activity time of exercisers, and 8.92% were other reasons. ③Factor of space: From the questionnaires of the ordinary inhabitants, lacking of sport ground and stadium in Jinggangshan accounted for 73.20%; the two factors of equipment in sport ground not opened completely to the whole society, and excessively high charges accounted for 9.80%, respectively; unreasonable disposition of stadium accounted for 5.88%, and other reasons accounted for 1.31%. ④Factor of age: Middle-aged people (aged 36-59 years) accounted for 34.15%, young people (aged 17-35 years) accounted for 31.10%, children and adolescents accounted for 15.24%, infants and elderly (aged 8-16 years) accounted for 12.80% and 6.71%, respectively. ⑤Factor of educational levels: Primary schools accounted for 36.13%, junior middle school accounted for 27.74%, high school or secondary school accounted for 21.27%, college or university accounted for 12.26%, and postgraduate and above accounted for 2.58%. ⑥Factor of sex and health: Female accounted for 32.42%, male accounted for 28.13%, and 39.45% experts thought there was no sexual difference. Frail people (including disability) accounted for 16.41%, subhealthy people accounted for 56.64%, and healthy people accounted for 26.95%. ⑦Factor of management system: County’s culture and sport bureau accounted for 30.7%, town government accounted for 19.87%, and 19.21% were those without department administer, county’s educational committee accounted for 15.03%, large-sized enterprise accounted for 9.27%, and country government accounted for 7.28%. ⑧Factor of funds: Government funds accounted for 71.24%, raised funds for the city’s culture and sport bureau accounted for 52.29%, funds from mining factories and enterprises accounted for 33.33%, social support for 30.07%, raised funds by individual voluntarily accounted for 28.76%, the total funds from the state, collective and individual accounted for 34.64%, still 30.70% by other means. The results showed that "Combination" of sport funding source was employed in the town of Jinggangshan district. CONCLUSION: The inhabitants in the small towns of Jinggangshan district hold opinion that the factors restricting local sports activities are: sports facilities construction, personal income, the extent of the importance attached by the government, the citizens’ awareness to participate into the sports activities and the sport funds. In the experts’ opinion, the factors are: the extent of the importance attached by the government, sports facilities construction, personal income, the sports funds and the citizen’s awareness to participate into the sports activity. This investigation has analyzed the difficulties to carry out sports activities in small towns from different aspects, which provides basis for the solution of the restriction factors and the construction of harmonious developed sports activities in small towns.更多还原