【摘要】 在基督教成为罗马帝国国教后,基督教内部不符合正统教会神学理论的学说和观点都被斥为异端。有正统的权威,就有非正统的对立面。从奴隶制罗马帝国到中世纪欧洲,被奴役被剥削的广大下层劳动人民在异端的形式下进行着不屈不挠的反抗上层统治阶级的斗争。但在不同的历史时期,异端的观点和主张、构成主体及教会和世俗政权对待异端的态度又有明显的差别。更多还原

【Abstract】 After Christianity became the national religion in Roman Empire,the ideas which didn’t accord with the theory of the Orthodox Church were called heresies.From slavery Roman Empire to medieval Europe,the numerous exploited and oppressed people had been struggling hard against the rulers as heretics.During the different historic periods,the constitution of the heretics and their ideas were diverse.Besides,the Orthodox Church took different attitudes towards the heretics.更多还原