【摘要】 社会何以可能?这是Georg Simmel提出的一个社会科学的基本问题。本文认为,作为具有社会交往本能的人类演化的必然结果,高交往频率的人群相互间的亲和性和共同利益使合作在群体内成为可能,于是社会成为可能。美国Santa Fe研究所的经济学家的研究表明,群体中自发的强互惠的出现,保证了合作在群体内的延续,从而使得群体成功演化。在此基础上,强互惠者的职业化以及政府型强互惠能更有效地对不合作者实施制裁,合作在强制下使得社会成为可能。这为我们展开了对制度演化研究的新视角。更多还原

【Abstract】 How is society possible? This is a basic problem in social science put by Georg Simmel.The article suggests that,as the inevitable outcome of the evolution of human beings who have instinct of social contacts,familiarity and common interest among the population with high contact frequency make cooperation possible in groups.And then society is possible.The researches of economists in Santa Fe Institute of U.S.show that emergency of strong reciprocity in groups ensure continuity of cooperation in groups and successful evolution of groups.On this foundation,the article does some further research.It is considered that professionalization of strong reciprocators and governmental strong reciprocity could mete out severe punishments to non-cooperators more effectively,and the cooperation makes society possible under compulsion.It shows us a new angle of view in the research of institutional evolution.更多还原