【摘要】 自然保护区对生态环境及社会经济的影响,以及如何协调保护与发展之间的关系,是决策者和社区公众共同关注的问题,构建适宜的生态补偿机制日益成为解决自然保护区所面临问题的重要途径。本研究以海南省为案例,从社区居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手,分析自然保护区设立的生态环境和社会经济影响,讨论建立保护区生态补偿机制的途径、方法和实现机制。研究表明,保护区大部分农户对保护区的建立持赞同态度,这种态度受被调查者年龄和教育程度的影响。从总体上看,自然保护区设立对改善生态环境起到了很大的作用,但保护区的建立限制了保护区大多数居民收入的增加,他们也没有因此得到应有的补偿。保护区管理机构和居民面临的共同问题是资金不足,由此带来保护区保护与周边社区经济发展之间的冲突,表现为保护与社区经济收入的冲突、耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力增加的冲突。为了维持生计,不得不开发利用保护区资源,给保护区生物多样性保护带来很大问题。研究探讨了在海南省自然保护区建立生态补偿的核心问题,包括补偿原则、补偿主-客体的确定、补偿标准制定、补偿手段和实现机制。确定了基于退耕还林的机会成本和农民受偿意愿两个因素的补偿标准,明确了人类对保护区生态环境的行为方式和补偿金收取渠道、支出渠道以及相应的管理机构,提出了构建我国自然保护区生态补偿机制的设想。更多还原

【Abstract】 Socio-economic and ecological effects of natural reserves and co-development between the natural reserves and surrounding communities have long been the focus of researchers,decision makers and planners for decades.As one of the most powerful measures,ecological compensation mechanism aims to solve the conflicts existing between resource conservation and community development,and promote a coordinated development between them.Taking Hainan province as an example,this study focuses on analysis of major socio-economic and ecological impacts of national natural reserves such as Tongguling and Mount Wuzhishan,and proposal of mechanism for eco-compensation in the area in particular,and the areas with similar environment in general.Data was collected from household questionnaire survey,focus group discussion,and field observation in December 2005.Altogether 120 households have been interviewed in the two reserves.SPSS for Windows was applied for data analysis.It was found that establishment of natural reserves,for instance,Tonguling bio-sphere reserve,and Mount Wuzhishan forest reserve,has played an important role in improvement of ecological and environmental conditions of the region.Most of the respondents held a positive attitude toward the natural reserves thanks to their functions in improvement of natural environment such as air and water purification,as well as increment in natural vegetation coverage and corresponding landscape pleasure function,and this attitude is affected by their age and educational attainment.However,the natural reserves have limited income generation opportunities for the local communities,and they have never got sufficient compensation from either central or local governments.Insufficient financial support of institutions involving in natural reserve management restricted them to implement ecologically and environmentally sound strategies,instead,they were involved in,to certain extend,resource intensive economic activities to meet the gap between income and expenditure.Major conflicts observed in natural reserve management are those between natural conservation and local economic development,and decrease in arable land area and increase in surplus labor force.It is therefore necessary to propose eco-compensation mechanism for the areas,which covers principles,approaches,standards,identification of provider and receiver for compensation,and procedures for implementation.Most importantly,local stakeholders should participate in the whole process for an effective implementation of the compensation mechanism.Finally,suggestions and recommendations have been made for establishment of eco-compensation mechanism for the natural reserves in China.更多还原