【摘要】 同性恋文化由来已久,但是由于同性恋在社会上的尴尬处境,反映这种现象的文学作品在美国一直处于隐秘状态。近半个世纪以来美国同性恋文学才逐渐引起普遍关注,其演变过程经历了两个转捩点。第一个是在20世纪中叶,金西的两部专著《人类男性的性行为》和《人类女性的性行为》问世,为同性恋争取平等权利提供了科学的证据。于是各种描述同性恋的作品纷纷出现,包括戈尔·维达尔的小说《城市与柱石》。第二个转捩点是在1969年,“石墙酒吧造反”在纽约市爆发,使美国同性恋文学走出冷战意识形态的阴影。同性恋解放运动随之兴起,形成了“男同性恋和女同性恋文学”这一领域,出现了丽塔·梅·布朗的《红果丛林》等以“直言不讳”的叙述为特点的作品。美国文坛崛起的这种叙述形式摒弃了以往将同性恋描写为一种病态的做法,瓦解了主流社会将同性恋者描绘为另类的神话,否定了将异性恋者与同性恋者这两种身份视为完全对立、互不相容的二元思维模式。这两个转捩点标志着美国同性恋文学先后在理论上和在实践上赢得解放。但作为弱势群体文学的一部分,美国同性恋文学从未被主流社会所接受,它所得到的解放也只是不再遭受麦卡锡时代那样赤裸裸的迫害而已。更多还原

【Abstract】 Homosexual culture has existed for several millennia, but due to the awkward plight of homosexuality in the society, the literary works reflecting such a phenomenon have long been concealed from the public view in the United States. It is in the recent half a century that American gay literature has attracted general attention. An examination of the process of its evolution reveals two turning points. The first one came about in the mid-1950s, when the two treatises Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female were published. These two books by Alfred Kinsey provided scientific evidence for the fighting of gays and lesbians for equal rights. Meanwhile various literary works depicting homosexuality emerged, including The City and the Pillar, a novel by Gore Vidal. The second turning point occurred in 1969, when a riot broke out at Stonewall Bar in New York City, an event leading American gay literature out of the shadow of the Cold War ideology. The rebellion gave rise to the Gay Liberation Movement and ushered in the “coming-out” narrative represented by Rita Mae Brown’s novel Rubyfruit Jungle. The emergent narrative in American literary circles cast off the way homosexuality had been relegated to a morbid mental or physiological state. By disintegrating the traditional portrayal of homosexuals as the “other,” a myth enforced by the mainstream of the society, this new approach negated the binary mode of thought which regards heterosexuality and homosexuality as two identities entirely contrary to each other and mutually incompatible. These two turning-points had a far-reaching impact on America gay literature, marking its liberation first in theory and then in practice. However, homosexual literature has never been accepted by the mainstream of the American society, and the liberation it has won is no more than a freedom from the kind of persecution it suffered in the McCarthy Era.更多还原