【摘要】 乡村自古以来,就有乡遂管理体制。战国、秦、汉确立郡县制后,县以下乡村的基层行政组织实行什伍制、三长制等。到宋代以后为保甲制。组织形式和任务虽然有些差别,但都是以户为基础组成的,基本是大同小异。任务不外是协助官方管理户籍、治安、税收、教化等。这些人员俗称乡约地保,只不过是“庶民在官”。一般都不属于官员。解放以来,农村政权有了根本变化,当人民公社解体后,乡成为一级政府,权力较大。但由于机构庞杂,财政拮据,困难很多;同时加重了农民负担。目前“三农”问题已经引起各方注意。在农村政治经济体制各项改革中,政治体制改革方向是推行民主自治,以繁荣农村的经济、文化事业。本文主要是探索历代农村基层行政的变革历程,为当前农村改革提供借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the countryside,since ancient times,there have been rural management systems.After the system of prefectures and counties of the Warring States,Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty period were established,in the basic-level administrations of the villages under the counties,the "Ten-Five" system and "three heads " system,etc were carried out.After Song Dynasty,it was Bao-Jia system.Although there were some differences in organization form and task,but they were all formed on the basis of families,they were basically the same in essentials while differing in minor points.The task is nothing more than helping authorities to manage household registration,tax revenue and education,etc.These people were popularly called local protectors of civil joint pledge,nothing more than "common people act as officials".Generally they were not officials.Since the liberation,the rural power has changed fundamentally,after the disintegration of the people’s commune,township has become a level of government with much right.But because of cumbersome administrative structure,financial strait,there were a lot of difficulties;at the same time,the burden to peasants was increased.At present,the "three peasant-problems"have drawn attention of various parties.In various rural reformations,the orientation of political system reformation is to carry out democratic autonomy and bring about a prosperous rural economy and cultural cause.This article is mainly to probe the experience of changing rural basic-level administration through the ages and provide reference for present rural reformation.更多还原