Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of clonazepam and carbamazepine in the treatment of manic episodes refractory to lithium carbonate. Methods: 72 patients with manic episodes were randomly assigned into clonazepam group (35 cases) and carbamazepine group (37 cases) for 6 weeks. Efficacy was determinated by the Bech Rafaelsen rating scale (BRMS) and the clinical global impression scale (CGI).The side effects were assessed with the treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS) and experimental a...