【摘要】 土壤生物有效磷的测定虽已有 15 0多年的历史 ,但直到 2 0世纪 2 0年代以后 ,这方面的研究和应用才有了显著的进展 ,大量的测定方法被陆续提了出来。根据测定原理 ,这些方法可被归类为化学方法、物理方法、物理化学方法和生物方法。在农业生产的实际应用中 ,由于化学提取剂方法快速、简单、廉价 ,成为各国土壤生物有效磷测定的常规应用方法。美国的有关研究工作者在这些新方法的研究和应用方面起着重要的作用。土壤生物有效磷测定方法的研究和应用在美国正经历着几方面的重大发展。通用提取剂的研究和应用不仅使得土壤生物有效磷的测定方法趋于相对统一 ,而且还能够替代测定其他大量和微量营养元素的提取剂 ,同时从土壤中提取出多种营养元素 ;由计算机控制的各种自动化分析仪在土壤分析化验室的广泛使用 ,极大地加快了土壤分析测定的速度、降低了成本和提高了分析测定的精确度 ,同时也推动了通用提取剂的广泛应用 ;80年代以来 ,开始了以环境应用为目的的土壤、水体生物有效磷测定方法的研究和应用 ,以确定土壤磷作为非点源磷污染源对地表水的潜在影响程度更多还原

【Abstract】 Great advances in soil tests for bioavailable phosphorus appeared after 1920’s,even though it begun one hundred and fifty years ago. Many methods have been suggested for testing bioavailable phosphorus in soil. Based on their principles, these methods can be classified into chemical methods, physical methods, physicochemical methods, and biological methods. Because chemical methods are much faster, simpler, and cheaper than other methods, they are employed by every country as routine methods for agricultural purpose. The researchers of the USA have been playing an important role in the development and use of the new methods for determining bioavailable phosphorus in soil. Universal extractants and many kinks of automatic analyzers controlled by computer were developed and then used by more and more soil testing laboratories for automatically and simultaneously determining both macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients in soil. Since the 1980’s, much work have been done for developing new methods to determining bioavailable phosphorus in soil and surface water body for environmental purposes.更多还原