【Abstract】 The occurrence, development, flourish and decline of agricultural and industrial civilization were analyzed on the basis of ecological principles. The agricultural civilization, an early civilization of human beings, occurred in catchment basin of large rivers and lakes with perfect ecosystems. The development and flourish of agricultural civilization resulted from human simple recognition and primary utilization of ecosystem. Its decline resulted from deterioration of local ecosystem. The industrial civilization has greatly increased productivity and raised the living standards. However, the environmental pollution caused by industrial civilization has made global ecosystem face crash. The sustainable development is accelerating emergence of ecological consciousness and deepening research of modern ecology. These indicate that the third leap in succession history of human civilization will become true and the ecological civilization will be certainly tendency of human civilization. The main characteristics of ecological civilization are the integration of nature and human beings, the integral harmony, recycle and regeneration, high-efficiency, mutualism and sustainable development更多还原