【摘要】 收集了炼油厂添加含磷阻垢剂的固定床反应器中失活的三种加氢催化剂和粉尘，用Ｘ射线荧光、比表面孔容测定、扫描电子显微镜Ｘ射线能量色散谱、Ｘ 射线衍射和红外光谱等手段对样品的组成及结构进行了表征． 结果表明，含磷阻垢剂的加氢催化剂失活是由于磷、铁和硫等元素在催化剂外表面大量沉积所引起． 对沉积物元素的分布分析表明，磷、铁和硫等元素主要沉积在催化剂的外层，磷沉积层较厚，且可进入催化剂孔道，在加氢脱金属催化剂、加氢支承催化剂、加氢脱硫催化剂中的沉积量依次降低． 含磷阻垢剂使反应床层中含有大量灰白色粉尘，其结构疏松，为无定形物，主要组成为磷、铁、硫的化合物，磷以磷酸盐形式存在； 反应温度条件下该粉尘易沉积在催化剂上，是导致催化剂失活的直接原因．更多还原

【Abstract】 Deactivated hydrotreating catalysts for removing heteroatoms from vacuum residuum were collected. XRF analysis, BET, SEM EDS, XRD and IR techniques were employed to characterize the composition and structure of the catalysts. The results revealed that the deactivation of the catalysts resulted from deposition of phosphorus, iron, sulfur as well as potassium and calcium species. Elementary analysis of the deposits showed that the phosphorus, sulfur and iron mainly distributed in the outer layer of the catalyst particles, and the penetrated layer of phosphorus was thicker and could penetrate into the inner layer of the catalyst particles. The content of P, S and Fe in the HDM (hydrodemetallization) catalyst and the HDS (hydrodesulfurization) catalysts decreased gradually. Utilization of P containing sludge inhibitor resulted in a lot of gray and white dust, which has loose and non crystalline structure. The composition of the dust is mainly P and Fe, and P is in the form of phosphate. The dust could deposit on the catalysts easily at the reaction temperature, and this is the direct factor accounting for the deactivation of catalysts.更多还原