【作者】 姚方杰； Asif Ali Khan； 吴裴； 鲁丽鑫；

【Author】 Yao Fangjie;Asif Ali Khan;Wu Pei;Lu Lixin;College of Horticulture Jilin Agricultural University;Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi Jilin Agricultural University;

【机构】 吉林农业大学园艺学院； 食药用菌教育部工程研究中心；

【摘要】 木耳为我国大宗食用菌种类,泛指目前可以人工栽培的黑木耳、毛木耳、皱木耳等木耳属食用菌,以黑木耳和毛木耳为主栽种类,具有低脂肪、高蛋白质、富营养成分,是低热量功能食品的首选食材。在树立"大食物观"理念下,随着人们生活水平提高和消费升级,对多样化功能性产品的需求逐渐增多,开发具有特色保健功效的木耳品种迫在眉睫。木耳品种创制研究以农艺性状为主的育种目标向富营养品质、功能性育种目标转变。本研究对50株木耳菌株进行农艺性状、生化指标、营养特性等成分进行定量评价,结果表明,菌株Ac 33的粗多糖含量最高(15%),Ac 1的子实体总多糖含量最高(215.88 mg/g),而Ac 11的菌丝体总多糖含量最高(212.85 mg/g)。最大矿物质含量和菌株为:铜最大值来自栽培菌株Ac 46(8.40 mg/kg)和野生菌株AC 49(8.366 mg/kg),锌最大值来自栽培菌株Ac 46(486.33 mg/kg),锰最大值来自杂交菌株Ac 3(788 mg/kg),铁最大值来自野生菌株Ac 28(350 mg/kg)。分析了不同栽培品种间化学成分与农艺性状的异同。主成分分析表明,前两个主成分(PC 1和PC 2)分别解释了总方差的39.6%(16.27%和23.33%)。PC 1与铁、锌、锰、铜、子实体粗多糖、总多糖、菌丝体总多糖、鲜品和干品产量相关,PC 2与生育期相关。筛选出7株高营养成分菌株进一步进行粗多糖理化性质及生物活性的比较分析,木耳中粗多糖主要由85.9%的甘露糖和12.3%的葡萄糖组成。菌株Ac 1和Ac 33的总多糖含量(分别为215.9±2.4mg/g和200.3±1.5mg/g)和酚类物质含量(分别为40.2±4.0mg/g和44.2±2.7mg/g)均显著高于对照菌株。此外,菌株Ac 33和Ac 24对DPPH自由基和ABTS的清除能力最强。综上,木耳具有作为抗氧化剂和抗微生物剂的天然来源的潜力,并可开发为功能性营养食品。基于团队前期收集评价黑木耳种质资源基础上,筛选出9个高铁菌株作为亲本,采用原生质体单核化技术获得单核菌株23株,两两杂交,共创制101个杂交组合,通过杂交子真实性鉴定获得53株真实杂交子,进行菌丝铁含量检测,结果表明杂交菌株铁含量在9.41-31.7mg/kg,其中超亲高铁菌株28株,铁含量超亲100%以上为2株,杂交菌株A17-8xA21-8,其铁含量为31.7mg/kg,超亲优势207.77%。杂交菌株A40-2xA22-2,其铁含量为24.17mg/kg,超亲优势150.78%。上述成果为木耳品质育种提供科学依据,为做强做大"小木耳大产业"真正意义上兼具营养和保健价值的"功能食品"提供种质资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 Auricularia,a major edible mushroom in China,generally refers to the currently cultivable species such as Auricularia heimuer,Auricularia cornea,Auricularia delicata,and other species of the genus Auricularia,with a focus on Auricularia heimuer and Auricularia cornea.The annual production has been stable at 8.1-8.8 million tons,ranking first in China and accounting for over 98% of the global output.It is characterized by its low-fat,high-protein,and nutrient-rich composition,making it the preferred ingredient for low-calorie functional foods.With the establishment of the "A broad view of food",as people’s living standards improve and consumption upgrades,the demand for diversified functional products is gradually increasing.The development of Auricularia varieties with distinctive health benefits is urgently needed.The breeding research of Auricularia has shifted from breeding goals focused on agronomic traits to breeding goals focused on nutritional quality and functionality.This study quantitatively evaluated the agronomic traits,biochemical indicators,and nutritional characteristics of 50 Auricularia strains.The results showed that the strain Ac 33 had the highest crude polysaccharide content(15%),Ac 1 had the highest total polysaccharide content in the fruiting body(215.88 mg/g),and Ac 11 had the highest total polysaccharide content in the mycelium(212.85 mg/g).The strains with the highest mineral content were:copper from the cultivated strain Ac 46(8.40 mg/kg) and the wild strain AC 49(8.366 mg/kg),zinc from the cultivated strain Ac 46(486.33 mg/kg),manganese from the hybrid strain Ac 3(788 mg/kg),and iron from the wild strain Ac 28(350 mg/kg).The study analyzed the similarities and differences in chemical components and agronomic traits among different cultivation varieties.Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components(PC 1 and PC 2)explained 39.6% of the total variance(16.27% and 23.33%,respectively).PC 1 was correlated with iron,zinc,manganese,copper,crude polysaccharides in the fruiting body,total polysaccharides,total polysaccharides in the mycelium,and yields of fresh and dried products.PC 2 was related to the growth period.Seven strains with high nutritional components were selected for further comparative analysis of the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of crude polysaccharides.The crude polysaccharides in Auricularia are mainly composed of 85.9%mannose and 12.3% glucose.The total polysaccharide content(215.9 ± 2.4mg/g for Ac 1 and200.3 ± 1.5mg/g for Ac 33) and phenolic content(40.2 ± 4.0mg/g for Ac 1 and 44.2 ±2.7mg/g for Ac 33) were significantly higher than those of the control strains.In addition,strains Ac 33 and Ac 24 had the strongest ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and ABTS.In summary,Auricularia has the potential to be a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents and can be developed into functional nutritional foods.Based on the team’s previous collection and evaluation of black wood ear germplasm resources,nine high-iron strains were selected as parents.Protoplast mononuclear technology was used to obtain 23 mononuclear strains,which were then crossed to create 101 hybrid combinations.Authentic hybrid offspring were identified through hybrid offspring authenticity testing,resulting in 53 genuine hybrids.Iron content testing of the mycelium showed that the iron content of the hybrid strains ranged from 9.41 to 31.7 mg/kg,with 28 strains being hyper-parental high in iron content.Two strains,A17-8xA21-8,with an iron content of 31.7 mg/kg,showed a 207.77% advantage over their parents.Hybrid strain A40-2xA22-2 had an iron content of 24.17 mg/kg,showing a 150.78%advantage over their parents.The above achievements provide a scientific basis for the quality breeding of Auricularia and offer germplasm resources for developing "functional food" with both nutritional and health value for the truly strong "small wood ear big industry."更多还原