【作者】 张逸飞； 汪焱； 向祖兵；

【Author】 ZHANG Yifei;WANG Yan;XIANG Zubing;School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University;Department of Physical Education Research, Fuzhou University;College of Physical Education, Chongqing University;

【机构】 福建师范大学体育科学学院； 福州大学体育教育研究部； 重庆大学体育学院；

【摘要】 研究目的:《全国马产业发展规划(2020-2025)》指出,将现代马术运动项目与文化、旅游、教育等关联性领域融合,对开辟新市场,促进新消费,形成我国区域经济发展的新动能具有重大战略价值。但当前无论是马术产业的实际运营还是相关学术研究似乎都忽视了一个事实,即马术运动作为人与动物共同完成的运动项目,现代马术产业高质量发展除了扩大宣传、采购良种马、吸引海外人才外,维持马匹的状态同等重要。随着动物保护思想的兴起,保护运动马的福利与健康逐渐被视为马术运动可持续发展的首要任务。较于笼统的动物福利概念,运动马福利更关注马匹在运动过程中,及其全生命周期中心理和生理健康是否得到充分保障,并尽量避免或缓解各类现实和可能存在的消极体验。然而,国家动物保护制度建设的系统性缺失,行业协会缺乏科学的实践指导和行为准则,企业组织缺少政策激励、生产监管和人才储备,导致"险、脏、臭、乱"等负面消费形象制约了国内马术消费市场的进一步发展,也阻碍了我国马术产业迈入国际化的进程。鉴于当前欧美现代马术运动已形成稳定的产业链结构和较为成熟的运动马福利保障体系。因此,总结欧美国家现代马术产业发展的历史经验,在立足我国国情的基础上,为我国现代马术产业高质量发展作理论上的梳理,并适度拓展动物福利研究的本土化视域是亟待开展的研究工作。研究方法:首先,采用文献资料法从中国知网、ScienceDirect、Open Access开放存取资源数据库、Google学术等国内外学术资源数据库获取文献和书籍,梳理与运动马福利、现代马术产业、马术运动等相关咨询和理论研究成果,探讨国内外运动马福利与现代马术产业发展的关联性。其次,运用专家访谈法对国内马术俱乐部负责人、工作人员,以及体育产业研究领域的专家进行访谈,咨询当前中国现代马术产业发展和运动马福利体系建设现状,征求构建我国运动马福利体系中重、难点因素的结构定位,并探讨建立健全我国马术产业运动马福利体系的可行路径。最后,通过历史分析法和比较分析法,总结欧美国家发展过程中的成功经验和潜藏制约因素,结合我国实际进行对比,为构建我国的运动马福利体系寻找经验。研究结果:通过对中外马术运动发展进行分析和对比,我们发现无论是欧美国家还是中国,从历史文化传承、人文素养提升,到消费者的反馈和社会舆论导向都表现出发展运动马福利的必要性和迫切性。在总结欧美国家运动马福利发展历程后发现,欧美国家在完善规章制度、科学技术研发、专业人才培养、福利理念引导等方面积累了丰厚经验,但其存在着的过度商业化,监管执行效率低下,不良的传统实践,福利改革脱离现实等问题依然值得我们注意。研究结论:通过对现有文献、新闻以及民众反应进行分析,同时结合对国内马术俱乐部负责人、工作人员、消费者、体育产业研究领域专家的访谈,得出以下建议:(1)合理规划我国运动马福利制度体系的发展路径,分级构建评价指标体系,构筑多生态子系统参与的互动与监管网络,以系统观念深化完善我国运动马福利制度体系;(2)创设与国际接轨的马福利科学研究与实践环境,研发升级马术运动所需的硬件设施和器材设备,全方面加强马福利学科建设和硬件支撑;(3)建立长效教育培训标准化体系,加强对消费者和基层民众的教育科普工作,打造运动马福利立体化培训与科普系统;(4)建立政策激励与鼓励扶持相结合的正向引导机制,建设以运动马福利为导向的国内马术消费市场,平衡各方需求力图实现互利共赢的人马关系,构建以运动马福利为主导的产业可持续发展框架。更多还原

【Abstract】 Purpose: The actual operation of the equestrian industry and relevant academic research seem to ignore the fact that equestrian sports as a sport completed by humans and animals, the high-quality development of modern equestrian industry in addition to expanding publicity, procurement of well-bred horses, attracting overseas talents, maintaining the state of horses is equally important. With the rise of the idea of animal protection, the protection of the welfare and health of sporting horses has come to be regarded as a top priority for the sustainable development of equestrian sport. In contrast to the general concept of animal welfare, sport horse welfare focuses more on whether the mental and physical health of the horse is adequately ensured during the sport and throughout its life, and attempts to avoid or alleviate a variety of real and possible negative experiences. However, the systematic lack of national animal protection system construction, the lack of scientific practical guidance and code of conduct of industry associations, the lack of policy incentives, production supervision and talent reserve of enterprise organizations, resulting in "risk, dirty, smelly, chaotic" and other negative consumption image restricted the further development of the domestic equestrian consumption market. As a result of the current situation, modern equestrian sport in Europe and the United States has developed a stable industrial chain structure and a more mature system of horse welfare safety in the sport. Therefore, it is urgent to summarize the historical experience of the development of modern equestrian industry in Europe and the United States, based on China’s national conditions, to make a theoretical review for the high-quality development of modern equestrian industry in China, and to moderately expand the localization perspective of animal welfare research. Methods:First, this paper uses a literature approach to collate the results of consulting and theoretical studies related to the welfare of sporting horses, the modern equestrian industry and equestrian sport, and to discuss the correlation between the welfare of sporting horses and the development of the modern equestrian industry at home and abroad. Second, the expert interview method was used to understand the development status of China’s modern equestrian industry and the construction of the sport horse welfare system. Finally, through historical analysis and comparative analysis, the paper seeks experience for the construction of China’s sports horse welfare system. Findings:Through the analysis and comparison of the development of equestrian sports at home and abroad, we found that whether in Europe, America or China, it is necessary and urgent to develop the welfare of sports horses from the historical and cultural inheritance, the improvement of humanistic quality, the feedback of consumers and the direction of public opinion.The study found that European and American countries have accumulated rich experience in improving rules and regulations, scientific and technological research and development, welfare concept guidance and other aspects to promote the development of sports horse welfare, but there are still problems such as behavioral compromise under the background of excessive commercialization, low efficiency of supervision and implementation, and adherence to bad traditional practices and concepts. Conclusion:Based on an analysis of existing literature, news and public reaction, and interviews with leaders, staff, consumers and experts in the domestic equestrian club and sports industry research fields, the following recommendations were made:deepen and improve the all-round supervision layout of sports horse welfare with a systematic concept; reinforcement of sports horse welfare discipline construction and hardware support in all aspects; the creation of a three-dimensional training and scientific outreach system for the welfare of sporting horses; construct a framework for industrial sustainability that is dominated by the welfare of sporting horses.更多还原