【作者】 刘春艳； 杜雪梅； 陈光辉；

【Author】 LIU Chunyan;DU Xuemei;CHEN Guanghui;School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University;

【机构】 山东师范大学心理学院；

【摘要】 社会排斥是指个体被他人或群体拒绝,从而使归属需求等受到阻碍的现象。社会排斥影响个体的合作行为,且其作用方向尚未获得一致性研究结论。社会排斥通常会使被排斥者产生敌意,从而降低其合作行为;截然相反的结果显示,社会排斥能够激发被排斥者获得归属感的动机,进而增加其合作行为。合作对象的内外群体身份可能是缓和这一矛盾性结果的重要因素。遭到内群体还是外群体成员排斥所引发的结果可能不同,被排斥后与内、外群体成员的合作行为动机强度也可能存在差异。鉴于此,本研究旨在探究内外群体身份在社会排斥影响合作行为中的调节作用,并进一步探究儿童和成人的年龄段差异。本研究采用颜色方块估计任务分组,采用线上抛球游戏(Cyberball)操纵社会排斥,共分为三个子研究。子研究一以61名小学生和69名大学生为被试,采用2(排斥条件:排斥组、对照组)×2(年龄:儿童、成人)×3(合作对象:内群体、外群体、未知群体)混合实验设计,考察社会排斥对合作行为的影响以及合作对象内外群体身份的调节作用和年龄差异。子研究二和三各自以129名(65名小学生;64名大学生)和146名(67名小学生;79名大学生)学生为被试,分别考察内群体和外群体互动条件下,社会排斥对合作行为的影响。结果显示,1.不区分内外群体时,被排斥儿童的合作行为显著低于对照组,成人的合作行为与对照组无显著差异;2.区分内外群体时,被排斥者与外群体、未知身份成员的合作行为显著更低,但与内群体成员的合作行为无显著差异;3.个体被外群体成员排斥时,被排斥成人与外群体成员的合作行为显著降低,与内群体成员的合作行为显著增加;被排斥儿童与内、外群体成员的合作水平均显著降低;4.个体被内群体成员排斥时,被排斥成人与外群体成员的合作行为显著增加,与内群体成员的合作行为无显著变化;被排斥儿童与内、外群体成员的合作行为均显著降低。内外群体身份、年龄在社会排斥与合作行为关系上的调节作用有助于深入了解合作行为的发生发展机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 Social exclusion refers to the phenomenon and process in which belonging and social relationship are threaten due to being excluded or rejected by a group or others. Social exclusion affects people’s cooperative behavior,but the direction of its influence has not been confirmed. On the one hand, social exclusion can make the excluded people hostile and reduce their cooperative behavior. On the other hand, the opposite research results show that social exclusion can stimulate the motivation of the excluded people to obtain a sense of belonging and then increase their cooperative behavior. The internal and external group identity of the partners may be an important factor to mitigate the contradictory results. The results of being excluded by in-group members or out-group members may be different,and the motivation intensity of cooperative behavior with in-group members and out-group members after being excluded may also be different. In view of this, this study aims to explore the moderating role of group identity in the effect of social exclusion on cooperative behavior, and to further explore the age difference between children and adults. This study was divided into three studies. Participants were divided into groups by color square estimation task, and then manipulated the sense of exclusion by using Cyberball paradigm to investigate the differences of individuals’ cooperative behaviors in public goods games under different conditions. In the first study, 61 primary school students and 69 college students participated in the experiment. To investigate the effect of social exclusion on individual cooperative behavior and the moderating role of partner group identity and age differences, the 2(exclusion condition: exclusion group, control group)×2(age: children, adult)×3(partner group identity: in-group,out-group, unknown group) mixed experimental design was used. Studies II and III were selected with 129(65 primary school students; 64 college students) and 146(67 primary school students; 79 college students) students to investigate the effect of social exclusion on cooperative behavior under in-group and out-group interaction conditions.The results showed that: 1. When the group identity of the partner is unknown, the cooperative behavior of excluded children was significantly lower than that of the control group, while the cooperative behavior of adults was not significantly different from that of the control group. 2. When the partner is divided into in-group members and out-group members, the cooperative behavior of excluded individuals with out-group and unknown members is significantly lower, but there is no significant difference with in-group members’ cooperative behavior; 3. When an individual is excluded by an out-group member, the cooperative behavior of the excluded adult with the out-group member is significantly decreased, and the cooperative behavior with the in-group member is significantly increased;The cooperative behavior of excluded children with in-group and out-group members was significantly reduced. 4.When an individual is excluded by an in-group member, the cooperative behavior between the excluded adult and the out-group member increases significantly, but has no significant difference with the in-group member; The cooperative behavior of excluded children with in-group and out-group members was significantly reduced. The moderating effects of internal and external group identity and age on the relationship between social exclusion and cooperative behavior are helpful to further understand the occurrence and development mechanism of cooperative behavior.更多还原