【作者】 范敏； 竭婧； 罗品超； 于高文； 郑希付；

【Author】 Min Fan;Jing Jie;Pinchao Luo;Gaowen Yu;Xifu Zheng;School of Psychology, South China Normal University;School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University;

【机构】 华南师范大学心理学院； 海南大学生物医学工程学院；

【摘要】 疼痛共情是指个体对他人疼痛的感知、判断和情绪反应,会受到多种生理、心理和社会因素的影响。我们之前的研究发现,社会排斥会削弱个体对他人疼痛共情的晚期加工。以往研究发现低水平的共情水平与攻击行为联系密切,且社会排斥也会导致攻击行为。因此寻找方法在一定程度上削弱社会排斥对疼痛共情的影响对于减少社会排斥给被排斥者带来的负面影响可能具有一定的实践意义。尚未有研究探讨过怎样调节社会排斥对共情的影响。本研究使用时间分辨率较好的ERP技术,研究不同的认知策略对社会排斥影响疼痛共情的调节效果差异。实验采用2(组别:认知重评组和分心组)×2(图片类型:疼痛图片和中性图片)混合设计。首先采用网络抛球游戏诱发被试的被社会排斥感,然后将被试随机分为两组,要求一组被试接受认知重评任务,另一组接受分心任务,最后所有被试均完成疼痛图片判断任务。我们招募了43名大学生,认知重评组21人,分心组22人,组内性别平衡。结果发现:(1)操作检验结果验证了认知策略的有效性,且只有认知重评可以显著改善被排斥个体的社会拒绝感、需求水平受损和提升正性情绪。(2)两组被试观看疼痛图片相比中性图片诱发了更低的额区N2(240-270ms)波幅和顶区P3(340-400ms)波幅,但是认知重评组观看两类图片时诱发的顶区和中央区P3波幅均边缘显著高于分心组;LPP(400-700ms)成分上,相比中性图片,两组被试在观看疼痛图片时都表现出显著更高的中央区和顶区LPP波幅,但是认知重评组观看疼痛图片的顶区LPP波幅显著高于分心组,这也泛化到了中性图片上。上述结果表明认知策略的调节作用主要是在晚期有意识的控制加工阶段,认知重评的干预效果好于分心。在控制加工的早期阶段(340-400ms),两个认知策略组均未出现共情反应,但是认知重评组观看疼痛图片诱发的P3波幅更大说明相比分心组对他人疼痛投入了更多注意力资源;在晚期阶段(400-700ms),两组均出现了共情反应,但是相对分心组,认知重评组观看疼痛图片诱发的LPP波幅更大说明其对他人疼痛投入了更多的认知努力,对他人生理性疼痛的敏感度与情绪反应更强。我们的研究为如何减少社会排斥对可能给个体带来的负面作用提供了一定的理论依据,也为认知行为疗法调节个体消极情绪的有效性提供了一定的实证支持。更多还原

【Abstract】 Empathy for pain implies perception, judgement and affective response of another person’s pain. It’s influenced by many physiological, psychological and sociological factors. One of our previous studies has demonstrated that social exclusion weakens pain empathy towards strangers. Studies also suggest that low level of empathy are highly related to aggressive behaviors and social exclusion causes aggressive behaviors. Therefore,finding ways of diminishing the influence of social exclusion on empathy for pain may have some practical significance for weakening the negative impacts of social pain. The current study adopted the high time-resolution event-related potentials(ERPs) to compare the regulating effect of different cognitive strategies on the influence of social exclusion on empathy for pain. We used a 2(group: cognitive reappraisal group and distraction group) × 2(type of picture: neutral pictures and painful pictures) mixed experimental design. First, cyberball was used to induce participants’ feelings of being socially excluded and then participants were randomly assigned to two groups.Participants randomly assigned to the cognitive reappraisal group received a cognitive reappraisal task and those randomly assigned to distraction group received a distraction task. Finally all subjects completed the same empathy for pain task. The subjects were 43 college students including 21 students for cognitive reappraisal group and 22 for distraction group and the amounts of the male and female are almost the same in each group. The results were as follows:(1) We successfully manipulated different cognitive strategies and cognitive reappraisal groups can significantly reduce sense of social rejection and improve impaired levels of fundamental needs and positive affect of excluded individuals.(2) For early frontal N2(240–270 ms) component and late parietal P3(340–400 ms) component,relative to the neutral pictures, painful pictures elicited a positive shift of the ERPs in these time windows. But cognitive reappraisal group showed marginally significantly larger P3 amplitudes at central-parietal site than distraction group did while watching both painful and neutral pictures. As for late central-parietal LPP component(400–700 ms), both groups showed significantly larger LPP amplitudes while watching the painful pictures than neutral pictures but cognitive reappraisal group showed significantly larger LPP amplitudes at parietal site than distraction group did while watching painful pictures, which also generalized to the neutral pictures. The results indicate that the regulating effect of cognitive strategy is mainly in the late conscious controlled processing stage, and the intervention effect of the cognitive reappraisal is better than that of distraction. In the early stage of controlled processing(340–400 ms), there was no empathic response in both groups, but the result that cognitive reappraisal group showed larger P3 amplitudes for painful pictures than distraction group did indicates that the cognitive reappraisal group invests more attention resources on others’ pain than the distraction group; in the late stage(400–700 ms), both groups presents empathic response, but the result that cognitive reappraisal group showed larger LPP amplitudes for painful pictures than distraction group did indicates that the cognitive reappraisal group puts more cognitive efforts on others’ pain and increases the sensitivity to painful pictures. Our study provides some theoretical basis for how to reduce the negative effects of social exclusion and also provides some empirical support for the validity of cognitive behavioral therapy to regulate negative emotions.更多还原