【作者】 殷锦绣； 刘旭； 蔺秀云；

【Author】 YIN Jinxiu;LIU Xu;LIN Xiuyun;Institute of Developmental Psychology,Beijing Normal University;

【机构】 北京师范大学发展心理研究院；

【摘要】 对立违抗性障碍(Oppositional Defiant Disorder, ODD)是儿童青少年期最常见的心理障碍之一,因其是一系列情绪问题和行为问题的集合而受到关注。根据家庭系统理论,家庭中的多个互动水平的子系统都会影响个体水平的儿童发展,如亲子子系统、婚姻/夫妻子系统和兄弟姐妹子系统,而在中国,独生子女政策造成了兄弟姐妹子系统的缺失,夫妻子系统和亲子子系统之间的互动更多,对儿童的影响也更大。家庭中存在发展级联效应(如溢出效应、补偿效应),不仅婚姻关系可以影响亲子关系,然后扩散影响儿童的ODD症状,反向的发展级联同样存在,个体水平的儿童的ODD症状也可以级联影响互动水平的亲子关系、婚姻关系,用发展级联解释三者的相互影响更具有生态效度。虽然已有研究关注了三个变量的单向影响或其中两个变量的双向影响,但尚未有纵向研究同时关注三者的相互影响。本研究通过对北京、山东、云南等14所小学212名ODD症状儿童、161名普通(无ODD症状)儿童的两年三次(T1, T2, T3)追踪调查,采用父母填写的婚姻适应量表、亲子关系量表和ODD症状量表,用交叉滞后模型检验了婚姻关系、亲子关系(分为亲密/冲突两个维度)与儿童的ODD症状的相互影响,发现:(1)大部分同时间和跨时间的双变量相关达到显著水平(见表1);(2)从整体上来看,婚姻关系、亲子关系、儿童的ODD症状之间存在双向的级联影响。在T1～T2之间,婚姻关系对亲子亲密、亲子冲突、儿童的ODD症状有溢出效应,儿童的ODD症状对亲子亲密有显著负向预测作用、对亲子冲突有显著正向预测作用;在T2～T3之间,亲子关系与婚姻关系之间存在单向补偿效应,且仅有亲子亲密可以显著降低儿童的ODD症状(见图1);(3)这些关系在ODD症状组与普通组间存在差异,在T1～T2之间,亲子亲密对婚姻关系的影响在两组间呈现相反方向的趋势;在T2～T3之间,婚姻关系仅在普通组中对亲子亲密存在溢出效应,而亲子亲密对婚姻质量的补偿效应仅存在于ODD症状组中(见表2)。本研究为理解普通家庭和ODD症状家庭中多个子系统如何双向级联影响提供了基础,提示了从家庭的多个子系统干预儿童情绪和行为问题的重要性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Oppositional defiant disorder(ODD), a collection of emotional and behavioral problems, is one of the most common mental health disorders found in children and adolescents, regulated by multiple levels of family systems, of which the dyadic level, including the parent-child subsystem, the marital/couple subsystem, and the sibling subsystem. In China, as the absence of sibling subsystem since one-child policy implemented in 1980 s, the couple subsystem and the parent-child subsystem have become more interactive and more influential to children. According to developmental cascade effects which explains the multiple dynamic interaction in family with higher ecologically valid, the quality of marital relationship affects parent-child interaction(divided into two dimensions of intimacy and conflict), and then cascades to children’s ODD symptoms, whereas the children’s ODD symptoms also cascades to parent-child relationship and marital relationship. Although previous literature has explored the mediating role of parent-child relationship in the unidirectional association between marital relationship and children’s ODD symptoms, and pairwise interactions among the three variables, it is still in urgent need to reveal the developmental cascade directly in a longitudinal study with sufficient time points. The present study examined the bidirectional associations using a cross-lagged model at three waves. Data were collected from 212 children with ODD and 161 typical children(as contrast group) via a three-wave(T1, T2, T3) survey in two yearsconducted in 14 primary schools in Beijing, Shandong province and Yunnan province, using Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Child-Parent Relationship Scale and diagnosis of ODD scale in DSM-IV. Multiple-group cross-lagged model showed that(1) Most of the cross-sectional and longitudinal bivariate correlation were statistically significant(see Table 1).(2) There were bidirectional cascades among marital relationship, parent-child relationship and children’s ODD symptoms. From T1 to T2, marital quality spilled over to parent-child closeness, parent-child conflict and children’s ODD symptoms. Children’s ODD symptoms had significant prediction on closeness and conflict only. From T2 to T3, higher parent-child closeness and lower parent-child conflict were related to poorer marital quality(supporting the compensatory hypothesis), whereas parent-child closeness only significant decreased children’s ODD symptoms(see Figure 1).(3) There were significant differences in the path coefficients of the cross-lagged model between ODD group and the contrast group. From T1 to T2, the effects of parent-child closeness on marriage quality showed a trend of the opposite direction in two groups. From T2 to T3, the spillover effect of marital quality on parent-child closeness was only found in the contrast group, while the compensatory effect of parent-child closeness on marital quality was only found in ODD group(see Table 2). This study provides a comprehensive framework of how multiple levels of family relationships cascade to and interact with each other longitudinally in both typical family and family with symptomatic children, and highlights the importance of understanding child emotional and behavioral problems within the family context.更多还原