【作者】 王月娟； 颜维为； 陈双；

【Author】 Yuejuan Wang;Weiwei Yan;Shuang Chen;Department of Psychology,Zhejiang Normal University;

【机构】 浙江师范大学心理系；

【摘要】 经典的互补学习系统理论(complementary learning systems)认为,新信息的巩固是一个缓慢的过程。相对于直接学习条件,快速映射学习范式下学习的新词语可以被立即整合到心理词典中。在快速映射范式中,学习者通过推断获得新词语含义。所以,对新词语所指不熟悉物体的语义特征进行加工是这个范式的一个重要特征。但在以往研究中,并未统一快速映射范式中的提问方式,导致在学习过程中是否涉及语义特征加工存在分歧。因此,实验1采用2(学习条件:深加工vs.浅加工)×2(语义相关性:相关vs.无关)混合实验设计,考察在学习过程中引导学习者对新词语所指物体进行语义特征加工(即深加工)是否会影响新词语的快速巩固。结果发现,在深加工和浅加工学习条件下都出现了新词语的语义启动效应。由于很多研究在脑电指标N400上发现了语义启动效应,却没有在反应时上体现出来。此外,在快速映射范式中,不熟悉物体和熟悉物体的类别关系可能是促进新词语快速巩固的一个重要因素,因此实验2将结合行为和脑电指标,采用2(学习条件:深加工学习vs.浅加工学习)×2(熟悉物体类别:相同类别vs.不同类别)×2(语义相关性:相关vs.无关)的混合实验设计进一步考察学习条件和物体类别对新词语快速巩固的影响。行为结果表明,在深加工同类、深加工不同类、浅加工同类和浅加工不同类四种快速映射学习条件下都出现了新词语的语义启动效应。脑电结果表明,只有在深加工同类学习条件下,语义相关词比无关词诱发更小的N400和更大的LPC,这表明只有深加工同类条件下学习的新词语,才能被整合到语义网络中,并持续地与其他词汇建立联系。本研究发现在快速映射条件下学习新词语时,新词语可以被快速巩固进语义网络。综合行为和脑电结果,新词语的快速巩固受学习新词语时对新词语所指称物体的特征加工以及熟悉物体语义类别的影响,只有在深加工条件并且新物体与熟悉物体属于相同类别时,新学习的词语才被快速巩固。更多还原

【Abstract】 The classical complementary learning systems(CLS) framework believes that the consolidation of new information is a slow process. Novel words learned under fast mapping(FM) learning paradigm can be rapidly integrated into the mental lexicon relative to explicit encoding(EE). In the fast mapping paradigm, learners acquire the meaning of novel words by inference. When inferring the meaning of novel words, processing the semantic features of unfamiliar objects is an important feature of this paradigm. However, in previous studies, the questions in the fast mapping paradigm varied, which led to different involvement of semantic features in the learning process. Therefore, experiment 1 used a 2(learning condition: deep processing vs. shallow processing) ×2(semantic correlation: correlated vs. irrelevant) mixed design and examined whether the process of the semantic features of the objects in the learning process will affect the rapid consolidation of novel words. The results showed that the semantic priming effect of new words appeared in both deep and shallow processing learning conditions. Many studies have found semantic priming effect on N400, but not on response time. In addition, the category relationship between novel and familiar objects in FM may be an important factor promoting the rapid consolidation of novel words. Therefore, experiment 2 further investigated the influence of learning conditions and object categories on the rapid consolidation of novel words by combining behavioral and ERP indicators, using a mixed design of 2(learning condition: deep processing vs. shallow processing) ×2(object category: same vs. different) ×2(semantic correlation: correlated vs. irrelevant). The behavioral results showed that the semantic priming effect of new words appeared in all four kinds of fast mapping learning conditions. The ERP results showed that only in the learning condition, in which the question induced learners to process the semantic features of the object, and the familiar object was in the same category with the unfamiliar object, the N400 amplitude evoked by the semantic related words is smaller than that of the unrelated words and the LPC amplitude evoked by the semantic related word was larger than that of the unrelated words. In summary, this study found that novel words learned in fast mapping paradigm can be rapidly consolidated into the semantic network. However, the rapid consolidation is constrained by the specific learning conditions. Only when the question induced learners to process the semantic features of the object, and the familiar object was in the same category with the unfamiliar object, the newly learned words could be rapidly consolidated into semantic networks.更多还原