【作者】 李晶； 侯文文； 朱莉琪； Michael Tomasello；

【Author】 Li Jing;Hou Wenwen;Zhu Liqi;Michael Tomasello;CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences;Department of Psychology,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology;Department of Psychology and Neuroscience,Duke University;

【机构】 中国科学院心理研究所中国科学院行为科学重点实验室； 中国科学院大学心理学系； 马普进化人类所发展心理学系； 美国杜克大学心理学和神经科学系；

【摘要】 评估他人的行为和意图,区分亲社会个体和反社会个体的能力对人类的生存发展具有重要意义,也是合作的基础。许多研究表明,在观看两个玩偶互动时,学龄前儿童甚至婴儿在进行道德判断时就能考虑施事方的意图。但是我们在进行道德判断时不仅需要考虑施事方在当前情境下的行为,还需要考虑受事方过去的行为。那么当需要考虑受事方过去的行为时,儿童何时能做出基于意图的道德判断呢?此外,由于目前大多数关于儿童基于意图的道德判断的发展研究都是在西方文化背景下进行的,且大量研究表明文化会影响道德认知和道德行为的发展,因此我们欲探究在一个不同于西方文化且更善于利用间接互惠的关系文化中,儿童基于意图的道德判断和分配行为的发展轨迹是否和西方文化的发现一致。在此研究中,我们操纵了受事方的行为,让其帮助(亲社会情境)或伤害(反社会情境)另一只玩偶。之后我们让儿童观看受事方和施事方互动的场景,并操纵了施事方的意图(故意、无意帮助或伤害受事方)。我们比较了303个3-9岁的中国儿童和德国儿童在需要考虑受事者之前的行为时,如何判断施事者的行为并分配资源。结果发现,在进行道德判断和分配资源时,中国儿童在3岁时就能同时考虑施事方的意图和情境,而德国儿童在5岁时才能做出基于意图的道德判断和分配行为。这些结果表明,文化会影响儿童在间接互惠情境下基于意图的道德判断和分配行为。更多还原

【Abstract】 There has been consistent research interest in how children distinguish prosocial from antisocial individuals and in how this ability becomes more complex with age and the adoption of a moral code. In order to survive, human infants must quickly learn to assess the actions and intentions of others to determine who can help them and who may hurt them. The ability to discriminate between friend and foe serves as the foundation for cooperation during preschool, children transition from relying on outcome or giving equal weight to outcome and intention to highlighting intention when it comes to making moral judgements and acting morally. Mounting evidences, however, suggest that the development of moral cognition and moral behavior vary by culture. As findings of intention-based moral judgement and moral behavior were based only on Western cultures, we were interested in whether children form a different culture would manifest the same developmental course of moral judgement and moral behavior. In this study we compared how German and Chinese children interpret and react to antisocial and prosocial interactions between puppets. An actor puppet performed either a positive or negative act toward a prosocial or antisocial target puppet with the intention to cause harm or not. Three-hundred-three 3-9-year-old children participated as a third-party and were asked to judge the actor puppet’s behavior and to distribute stickers. Results showed that 3-year-old Chinese children were able to take intention and context into account when making moral judgments and distributing resources, whereas German children did not seem sensitive to intention until the age of 5. These findings suggest that culture mediates children’s intention-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity.更多还原