【作者】 尚虹； 韩康信；

【Author】 SHANG Hong;HAN Kangxin;Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences;Institute of Archaeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;

【机构】 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所； 中国社会科学院考古研究所；

【摘要】 本文对山东广饶新石器时代、现代云南人与现代华北人颅骨标本眶顶筛孔状病变进行了观察,将该病变在3组中的出现率做了两两比较和统计学分析。结果显示:云南组与华北组眶项筛孔状病变的出现率无显著差别,可能提示这种病变的地区性交化不大。而广饶新石器时代组该病变的出现率比现代组明显增高。这种病变的高频率现象,可能与新石器时代原始农耕条件下的低水平营养和不良卫生状况等容易诱发缺铁性贫血有关。更多还原

【Abstract】 The cribra orbitalia has been studied for many years.The first description of this pathological change appeared in 1888 and the researcher thought that this kind of pathological change represented one of the ethnic features.Nobody said no to this point of view until the 1960 s.However after that time many researchers posed a lot of different opinions according to their studies.Leprosy,acute or chronic anemia,lacrimal gland irritation,trachoma,nutritional deficiency,vitamin deficiencies and iron deficiency have been considered the cause of this pathological change.However,the exact etiology has not been fixed currently.More and more researchers incline to the last factor.The study on cribra orbitalia has not been done in China up to now.This article aimed to know the differences of the frequency of occurrence of this pathological change between Neolithic and modem population in China.The materials in this study include the Neolithic skulls of Guangrao,Shandong Province and Modem skulls from Yunnan and North China.The Guangrao Neolithic skulls were unearthed from the Fujia and Wucun sites of Guangrao County by the Archaeological Institute of Shandong Province in 1985,1995 and 1996.Both the Yunnan Modem skulls and North Modem skulls of China are stored at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Only the skulls,with well preserved orbital roof were selected to be studied in this article.The number of skulls available is as follows:Guangrao Neolithic ones,48 males,53 females and 14 underages;Yunnan Modem,82 males,54 females and 4 underages,and North China,89 males,9 females and 5 underages.Age and sex estimation in the Guangrao Neolithic skeletal remains were done according to the standards in the books written by Wu Ru-kang et al.and Shao Xiang-qing.The cribra orbitalia on the skulls was identified with naked eyes.We divided cribra orbitalia into two types,representing different developmental stages of the pathological change.The first is the porotic type featuring with some fine and scattered openings on the orbital roof.The second is the cribrotic type with more and larger openings than those of the first and the tendency to coalesce.These two types are recorded as "+" and "++" respectively.The statistics analysis method that we adopted is Chi-square test.Frequencies of occurrence of cribra orbitalia in 3 groups are presented in Table 1 and Table 2.Chi-square test shows that the frequency of occurrence of "++" cribra orbitalia in underages is much higher than that in adults in Guangrao group and no statistical difference are shown in any other comparisons.The frequency of occurrence of "+" and "+-++" cribra orbitalia from Guangrao Neolithic skulls is much higher than those from both Yunnan and North modern skulls in China.There is no distinct difference between the frequency of occurence of "++" cribra orbitalia from Guangrao Neolithic and those from Yunnan and North China except that the "++" Cribra orbitalia comparison in male between Guangrao and North China shows obvious difference.But the frequency of appearance of "+", "++" and "+-++" cribra orbitalia from these two modern groups in China has no statistically significant difference.The fact that the frequency of appearance of "++" cribra orbitalia in underages is much higher than that in adults in Guangrao group shows that the under ages are easier to show the cribra orbitalia,and it is probably due to the fact that the under ages needed more iron and were easier to be invaded by parasites leading to hemorrhage and so on.That the frequency of occurrence of "+" and "+-++" cribra orbitalia from Guangrao Neolithic skulls is much higher than those from both Yunnan and North modern skulls in China suggests more pathological change in Neolithic period.Perhaps it is due to the difference of condition of life in Neolithic and more recent time.Guangrao people lived about 5000 years ago and they had the primitive agriculture mainly cultivating millet.It is probable that the Guangrao people did not have enough food or they lived mainly on the millet without enough iron.So the above mentioned result favors the hypothesis that the iron deficiency and anemia are the major cause of cribra orbitalia.This kind of result is similar to the studies on Greek and Sweden populations.The fact that there was no statistical difference between Yunnan and North modern groups suggests that there should be no regional changes of cribra orbitalis from the North to the South in China.更多还原