【作者】 王东；

【Author】 WANG Dong;College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System,Ministry of Agriculture;

【机构】 山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室/农业部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室；

【摘要】 为探索依据冬小麦需水进程和自然供水状况确定各关键生育时期最佳补灌水量的方法,及实现高产高水分利用效率的最优补灌方案,为黄淮流域冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。于2007—2015年度在播种期水肥管理一致的基础上,以生长季雨养（出苗至成熟期间无灌溉）处理为对照进行补灌试验。设置补灌时期和补灌量两个因子。选取各年度雨养处理与籽粒产量和水分利用效率均佳的最优补灌处理,通过对小麦生育期自然供水量、灌水量及籽粒产量等指标的统计和回归分析,发现在雨养条件下,籽粒产量与播种期主要供水量（0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量+播种期灌水量）和各生育阶段自然降水量呈极显著回归关系,而在适时适量补灌的条件下,籽粒产量受播种期土壤供水量和生长季自然降水量的影响明显减小。冬小麦实现高产和高水分利用效率,从播种至各关键生育时期所需的适宜的累计供水量基本稳定。适时适量补充灌溉可有效弥补冬小麦各生育阶段自然供水的不足。在播种期供水适宜的条件下,出苗至拔节期和出苗至开花期的最优补灌水量与雨养籽粒产量分别呈极显著二次曲线关系和极显著负相关。同时发现冬小麦播种期0～20、0～40、0～60、20～40和20～60 cm土层土壤体积含水量与0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量均呈极显著线性相关,利用0～40 cm土层土壤含水量预测0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量是可行的。依据上述结果建成冬小麦按需补灌方法。多年试验表明,黄淮流域冬小麦实现9000～10000 kg hm^-2高产和20.3～26.8kg hm^-2mm^-1高水分利用效率的全生育期最佳灌水量平均为101.8 mm,变化范围为51.0～172.0mm。2015—2016年在两试验点的实践验证表明,利用0～40 cm土层土壤体积含水量预测0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量,模拟值与实测值的一致性较好。采用按需补灌方法,与定额灌溉处理相比,不仅保持了原有的高产水平,而且减少灌溉水36.2～57.6 mm,节约用水20.1%扣32.0%,显著提高水分利用效率。更多还原

【Abstract】 The objective of the experiment is to explore the methods for determining the optimal supplemental irrigation amount at critical growth stages according to water consumption required by winter wheat and natural water supply status,seek for the optimal irrigation scheme for high yield and high water use efficiency(WUE) of winter wheat,and then provide theoretical and technical support for water-saving and high-yielding cultivation of winter wheat Supplemental irrigation(SI) experiments were conducted from2007 to 2015,with the control of rain-fed treatment during the growing season(no-irrigation from emergence to maturity),and the same water and fertilizer management at sowing stage of winter wheat Two factors including timing and amount of SI were set out The data from the rain-fed treatment,and the optimal SI treatment with consistently high values of grain yield and WUE in each year were chosen to analysis.Through statistics and regression analysis of natural water supply,irrigation amount,grain yield and so on,it was found that the grain yield was significantly correlated with the main water supply at sowing(soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil layer + irrigation amount at sowing) and the precipitation in different growth stages under rain-fed conditions,but under the optimal SI conditions,there was no significant relation between them.The suitable cumulative water supply from sowing to each critical growth stages for achieving high yield and high WUE is basically stable between years.Appropriate SI could effectively compensate for the,lack of natural water supply in different growth stages.Under suitable water supply conditions at sowing,there was a significant quadratic curve relationship between the optimal SI amount from emergence to jointing and the rain-fed grain yield,and there was a significant negative correlation between the Optimal SI amount from emergenceto anthesis and the rain-fed grain yield.In addition,there was a significant linear correlation between the volumetric soil water content in 0—20,0—40,0—60,20—40,20—60 cm soil layers and the soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil,layer at sowing.It is feasible to predict soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil layer with 0—40 cm soil water content Based on the above results,the on-demand SI method for winter wheat was established.8-year experimental results showed that the optimum irrigation rate in Huang-Huai plain was averagely 101.8 mm,ranged from 51.0—172.0 mm for achieving high yield(9000—10000 kg/hm~2) and high WUE(20.3—26.8 kg/hm~2/mm) of winter wheat.The data from two experimental sites in 2015-2016 showed that the soil water storage in 0—100 cm soil layer could be predicted by the volumetric soil water content in 0—40 cm soil layers.The simulated values were consistent with the measured values.Compared with the quota irrigation treatment,on-demand SI treatment not only maintained high grain yield,but also reduced irrigation by 36.2—57.6 mm,saved water by 20.1%—32.0%,and significantly improved WUE.更多还原