【作者】 余琳霖； 陈安涛；

【Author】 Linlin Yu;Antao Chen;Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology,Southwest University;

【机构】 西南大学心理学部；

【摘要】 目前,许多研究都在探索奖励联结刺激影响注意偏向的认知机制,但是前人研究奖励联结范式的测试阶段过于简单,不能充分调用被试的注意资源。而变化盲视和变化探测可以成为一种衡量注意偏向程度的方法,注意的偏向可以提高或降低变化盲视产生的概率、加快或延迟对变异刺激变化探测的时间。为此,本研究将采用变化盲视和变化探测的方法,探索个体在调用高注意资源的背景下奖励联结刺激对注意偏向的影响,并进一步明确奖励驱动注意偏向的认知加工机制。在实验部分,实验1采用被试内实验设计,选取19名被试,分两个阶段进行。在训练阶段,采用经典的"奖励联结范式"建立奖励与刺激之间的联结,使红色与高奖励联结在一起,绿色与低奖励联结在一起。在测试阶段,建立联结后的刺激在变化盲视范式中作为一种目标刺激出现。实验2采用被试内实验设计,选取18名被试,训练阶段与实验1相同,但是奖励联结后的刺激在测试阶段作为一种干扰刺激出现。在结果部分,实验1发现,相对于无奖励无关刺激,奖励联结刺激条件下变化盲视发生的概率降低(F(2,32)=5.69,p=0.008,η_p~2=0.26),变化探测所需要的时间也缩短(F(2,15)=13.447,p <0.001,η_p~2=0.457),其中高奖励条件下比低奖励条件下更能起作用(t(16)=2.629,p=0.018,d=0.63)。实验2发现,相对于无奖励无关刺激,奖励联结刺激条件下,变化探测所需要的时间增加(F(2, 34)=4.12,p=0.025,η_p~2=0.20),其中,红色刺激条件下反应时最长(t(17)=2.51,p=0.022,d=0.51;t(17)=2.27,p=0.036,d=0.46)。根据以上结果,本研究证明无论是在注意资源占用多或少的条件下,奖赏对注意偏向都会产生影响。特别地,当奖励联结刺激作为一种目标刺激出现的时候,高奖励联结的刺激会比低奖励联结的刺激占用更少的注意资源;而当作为一种无关干扰刺激出现的时候,高奖励联结刺激比低奖励联结刺激占用更多的注意资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 Several studies have investigated the underlying cognitive mechanism, in which the stimuli were associated with reward persistently can capture attention involuntarily even when they are not task-relevant. But the test phase of the previous method was too simple to fully call the attention resources of those participants. There are unexpected means to measure the degree of attention capture, which is the "flicker paradigm" of the Change Blindness and Change Detection. Attentional biases can increase or decrease the probability of Change Blindness, speeding up or delaying the detection of changes in the mutant stimulus. To this end, this study will use the methods of Change Blindness and Change Detection to explore the impact of rewards on the attention capture of individuals in the context of calling high attention resources, and further clarify the cognitive processing mechanism of value-driven attentional biases. In the experimental session, experiment 1 was carried out using the within-subject design procedure, and 19 subjects were selected and carried out in two phases. In the training phase, the classic "reward association paradigm" is used to establish the connection between rewards and colors, so that the red was associated with the high-value and the green was associated with the low-value. In the testing phase, the colors ware associated with reward then as the targets in the flicker paradigm of Change Blindness. Experiment 2 used the same within-subject d design procedure, and 18 subjects were selected. The training phase was the same as that of Experiment 1, but the colors were associated with reward as the to-be-ignored distractor in the test phase. In the results section, Experiment 1 found that the probability of change blindness was reduce when the stimuli as the targets relative to the neutral color(F(2, 32) = 5.69,p = 0.008,η_p~2 = 0.26), and there was shorter time of change detection(F(2,15) = 13.447,p < 0.001,η_p~2 = 0.457). Specially, the effect of the high-reward is better than the low-reward(t(16) = 2.629,p = 0.018,d = 0.63). On the contrary, it would take more time to detect the change in the flicker paradigm when the reward-associated colors as the task-irrelevant stimuli(F(2, 34) = 4.12,p = 0.025,η_p~2 = 0.20). Compared to the neutral color, the response was under red take the longest time(t(17) = 2.51,p = 0.022,d = 0.51;t(17) = 2.27,p = 0.036,d = 0.46). Based on the above results, this study proves that value have an impact on attentional bias, regardless of whether the attention resources are used more or less. In particular, the reward-associated stimuli would use more attentional resources than the neutral stimuli. Comparing to the lower reward-associated stimuli, the higher reward-associated stimuli would use the less attentional resources when the reward-associated colors as the targets in the flicker paradigm, while the higher reward-associated stimuli would use the more cognitive resources when it as the task-irrelevant stimuli in the flicker paradigm.更多还原