【作者】 于淼； 许燕；

【Author】 YU Miao;XU Yan;Sinopec Management Institute;School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University;

【机构】 石油化工管理干部学院(中石化党校)； 北京师范大学心理学部；

【摘要】 人格是否具有可变性一直是人格心理学领域颇具争议的焦点,人格状态研究的兴起调和了稳定性与可变性之间的矛盾。人格状态是特定时刻与人格特质相关的行为、感觉和思维。通过直接对个体日常生活中与特质相关的、随着时间变化的行为进行评估可以有效预测个体的人格状态。本研究采用经验取样法,结合实验启动,通过质性分析与量化分析相结合的研究方法,横向与纵向研究共同进行的研究方式,基于认知-情感人格系统理论,从人格状态的幅度、方向和基线三个重要性质出发,探究了内隐人格观与情绪对人格状态变化的影响。研究一和研究二采用经验取样法和实验启动的方式,验证了内隐人格观对人格状态幅度变化的影响。结果表明,人格状态兼具稳定性与可变性的双重特征,人格状态幅度的变化与人们所持的内隐人格观相匹配。通过阅读不同的启动材料人们的内隐人格观可以发生改变。对于持中性内隐人格观的个体,启动不同的内隐观念时,其人格状态幅度的变化与所启动的观念保持一致。研究三和研究四采用质性与量化分析相结合的方法,探索了情绪与人格状态方向变化的关系。研究发现人们日常生活中重要事件诱发的情绪体验与常规状态下的情绪体验存在显著差异。此外,通过质性分析得到的情绪效价与个体自评的情绪状态存在紧密的联系。最为重要的是重要事件诱发的情绪体验与人格状态的方向变化存在共变关系。研究五通过追踪研究探究了人格状态基线变化的暂时性与稳定性。结果发现,虽然人格状态的幅度变化会回到原始的状态,但人格状态的基线变化是能够发生的。如不加以干预,个体内变化会随时间的推移重新回到最原始的状态,个体间可变性则会在一定程度上有所提高,形成一种能够区分个体差异的稳定特质,即人格暂时性的变化能够转化为稳定的特质性变化,该转换过程在工作人格特征责任性维度上表现的尤为显著。综上,研究结果表明了人格不仅存在特质性也存在状态性,认知和情感对人格状态的变化能够产生影响,人格状态暂时的变化能够转化为相对稳定的特质。更多还原

【Abstract】 Whether personality could change or not is a controversial focus in personality psychology. The exploration of personality state alleviates the conflicts between stability and variation. Personality state is the behavior, affect and thinking which are associated to personality trait in special situation or special moment. It is effective to predict individual personality states through evaluating behaviors which relate to personality traits and vary with time. There are various kinds of methods applied in this study, such as experience sample method(ESM), experiment priming, qualitative and quantitative analysis, lateral and longitudinal research methods. Based on cognitive-affective personality system theories and three important properties of personality states, this study made a thorough inquiry the influence of implicit theories of personality and sentiment on variation of personality states. Study 1 and Study 2 verified that implicit theories of personality could infect the personality states range by ESM and experiment priming. This result suggested that personality state not only was provided with stability but also variability. Besides, the variety of personality states range was matched by individual implicit personality theory. According to different priming categories, individual would have different kinds of cognition to personality. As the neutral participants who had neither entity theory nor incremental theory, the change of their personality states range would be consistent with the priming conditions. Study 3 and Study 4 explored the relationship between statement and orientation variation of personality states through qualitative and quantitative analysis method. The results showed that there was a significant difference between statements in important events and normal states in people`s daily life. Besides, self-evaluating statement was closely contacted with the statement by qualitative analysis. More importantly, there was a covariant relationship between statement which was induced by important events and orientation variation of personality sates. Study 5 investigated whether the baseline change of personality states was temporary or stable by a longitude approach. The results demonstrated that although the range change would go back to the original state, the baseline changes still occurred. Within-person variation would return to the original states, and between-person variation would improve and change into a stable trait which could distinguish individual differences. To a certain extent, these results suggested that temporary variation of personality states could transform into the stable personality traits change. Especially, the converting process had a dramatically significant expression in conscientiousness. Overall, these results suggest that personality not only have traits but also have states. The cognition and affection play an important role in variation of personality states, and temporary change of personality states could convert to a relatively stable traits.更多还原