【作者】 代嘉幸； 李娜； 张丽华；

【Author】 Dai Jiaxing;Li Na;Zhang Lihua;College of Psychology, Laoning Normal University;College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian Medical University;

【机构】 辽宁师范大学心理学院； 大连医科大学人文与社会科学学院；

【摘要】 返回抑制是人类进化而来的重要适应机制,返回抑制的量会受到刺激性质(含义或情绪内容)的影响。为考察攻击性信息对脆弱型高自尊大学生返回抑制的影响机制,本研究采用Rosenberg自尊量表和内隐联想测验(IAT)筛选出安全型高自尊大学生和脆弱型高自尊大学生,并完成"线索—靶子"范式。在线索靶子任务中,将攻击性及中性词汇分别作为靶子(实验1)和线索(实验2)呈现,要求被试对靶子进行定位反应。实验1发现,在有效提示条件下,攻击性词汇上的反应时要快于中性词汇(t=-3.95,p<0.01);在返回抑制量上,在攻击性词汇上的返回抑制量小于中性词汇(t=3.48,p<0.01)。这表明脆弱型及安全型高自尊大学生对攻击性信息均存在着注意捕获增加,从而使攻击性信息的返回抑制量降低。实验2发现,对于脆弱型高自尊大学生,在无效提示条件下,在攻击性词汇上的反应时要长于中性词汇(t=3.59,p<0.01);在返回抑制量上,安全型高自尊大学生在攻击性词汇上的返回抑制量要大于脆弱型高自尊大学生(t=2.06,p<0.05);对于脆弱型高自尊大学生,在攻击性词汇上的返回抑制量要小于中性词汇(t=3.58,p<0.01),这表明脆弱型高自尊组对攻击性信息存在注意解除困难,从而使攻击性信息的返回抑制量降低。脆弱型高自尊大学生对攻击性信息存在过多的注意维持,降低了视觉搜索效率,这可是其好发攻击性行为的潜在认知加工机制,同时为干预提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Inhibition of return is an important adaptive mechanism for human evolution. The amount of inhibition of return will be influenced by the stimulus nature(meaning or emotional content).The purpose in this study was to explore whether aggressive information could interact with attention by reducing the extent of inhibition of return(IOR) effect and whether the discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem(SE) could modulate IOR effect under attentional biases toward aggressive information.A standard cue-target task was adopted to examine whether the attentional bias was stemmed from attention capture or attentional disengagement. Participates were asked to respond to Rosenberg’s(1965) 10-item Self-Esteem Scale and completed the implicit association task(IAT). According to the results of the tests, the fragile HSE group(a combination of high explicit and low implicit SE) and secure HSE group(a combination of high explicit and high implicit SE) were selected. The Cue-target task was applied in two experiments to measure IOR. Two types of words was served as target in Experiment 1 but as cue in Experiment 2.Participates were asked to respond to the location of the target(the word in Experiment 1 and a black asterisk in Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, mean RTs subjected to a 2(group: fragile HSE vs. secure HSE) ×2 SOA(500,and 1000 ms)×2(Target Valence: aggressive words vs. neutral words) ×2 and(Cueing validity:valid vs. invalid) mixed analysis of variance(ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect on target valence[F(1,66) = 5.11,p =.027,η~2 =.072],reaction times for aggressive words(317.50±7.12 ms) were significantly faster than that for neutral words(319.48±7.05 ms).And the main effect of cueing validity was significant [F(1,66) = 34.85,p <.001,η~2=.346], slower RTs on valid(324.32±6.81 ms) than on invalid trials(312.65±7.46 ms) showing a significant IOR effect emerged. Importantly, the interaction between target valence and cueing validity reached significance [F(1,66) = 11.94,p =.001,η~2 =.153], which was not modified by the discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Further analysis indicated that for both groups, the reaction times for aggressive targets(321.99±6.82 ms) on valid location was significantly faster than that for neutral targets(326.66±6.84 ms) on valid location, which might reflect facilitated engagement towards aggressive information in the source of attentional capture. on the results of the amounts of IOR showed that there was a significant main effect for target valence[F(1,66) = 11.94,p =.001,η~2 =.153], smaller IOR extent on aggressive words(-8.98±2.07 ms) than that on neutral words(-14.36±2.18 ms). The results of Experiment 1 suggested that the reduction of IOR effect with aggressive targets reflect facilitate engagement towards aggressive information for both groups on the role of attentional capture. In Experiment 2, mean RTs were subjected to a 2(group: fragile HSE vs. secure HSE) ×2 SOA(500,and 1000 ms)×2(Target Valence: aggressive words vs. neutral words) ×2 and(Cueing validity:valid vs. invalid) mixed-factors ANOVA. There was a significant main effect of cueing validity, F(1,64) = 114.57,p <.001,η~2 =.642, overall, the IOR was found for both cue types in overall, and response times to valid cueing condition(311.71±4.06 ms) was significantly faster than invalid cueing(295.92±3.74 ms), indicating significant IOR effect. Importantly, there was a significant three-way interaction of cue valence×cueing×group [F(1,64) = 8.29,p =.005,η~2 =.115]. The simple effect analysis showed that the reaction time for aggressive words on invalid cueing condition(301.33±5.58 ms) was significantly slower than that for neutral words on invalid cueing condition(295.84±5.11 ms) in fragile HSE group; the reaction time for aggressive words on invalid cueing condition(291.25±5.58 ms) was significantly shorter than that for neutral words on invalid cueing(295.27±5.11 ms) in secure HSE group. It showed that attentional bias in fragile HSE might reflect the difficulty in disengaging from aggressive information. As for the tests on the amounts of IOR, there was a significant interaction between group and cue valence[F(1,64) = 8.29,p =.005,η~2 =.115].Further analysis showed that, compared to secure HSE group(-18.74±2.33 ms), the effect of IOR on aggressive words in fragile HSE group(-11.94±2.33 ms) was much smaller; For fragile HSE group, the effect of IOR on aggressive words(-11.94±2.33)was smaller than that on neutral words(-16.73±2.26 ms). The results of Experiment 2 suggested that reduction of the IOR effect with aggressive cues reflect the reluctance of fragile HSE group to disengage attention from aggressive information. The findings in this study discussed with regard to the mechanisms responsible for IOR. The attentional biases in fragile HSE are the cause of facilitated engagement towards aggressive information(attentional capture) and the difficulty in disengaging attention from aggressive information. The sensitivity on aggressive stimuli is probably the potential mechanism on aggressive behavior. Further researches should focus on the aggression intervention from a cognitive perspective.更多还原