【作者】 陈秋燕；

【Author】 CHEN Qiu-yan;School of Sociology and Psychology, Southwest University for Nationalities;

【机构】 西南民族大学社会学与心理学学院；

【摘要】 心理健康是构建和谐社会的重要基础,也是中华民族实现伟大"中国梦"的重要保障。西部地区是我国社会经济发展的欠发达地区,身处其中的青少年则是这一地区实现全面小康的关键力量,也是未来城市的主人。随着西部地区新型城镇化的快速推进,这一地区青少年的心理健康状况现状是一个值得探究的重要课题。这些接班人的心理健康不仅事关他们自身的健康成长与成才,也关系我国西部振兴和民族复兴的伟大事业。文献回顾表明,以往研究主要是以问题取向出发,使用以SCL-90为代表的测量工具探究这一问题,抽样的代表性和全面性也相对欠缺。此外,实证研究也较少关注城镇化因素带来的影响。基于以上分析,本研究在前期关于西部民族地区青少年城镇化调研的基础上,使用分层抽样方法选取了西部9省市从农村进入城市7899名"城镇化青少年",选用积极心理学取向的亚洲主观幸福感、青少年心理健康量表、核心自我量表、主观经济地位量表和自编的城镇化进程题项对这一群体的心理健康状况进行了系统分析,并得到以下主要结果:(1)西部民族地区青少年在心理健康问卷上的平均得分为114.65(SD为16.57),显著高于问卷的理论中值54分(t=51.71,p<0.01),接近于120分(t=-28.71,p<0.01)。根据问卷的评分等级来看,62.90%的被试报告"很少或偶尔"体验到心理健康的状态,36.90%的被试报告"经常或总是"处于心理健康的状态。综合来看,西部民族地区的城镇化青少年心理健康水平总体趋于正常,约1/3的人心理健康状况良好。方差分析发现,除月消费水平外,性别、民族、省份、学校、初/高中、主客观经济状况、城镇化类型、城市流动水平和城市生活时间等因素对心理健康水平的主效应显著,及上述因素不同水平被试之间的心理健康状况存在显著差异(p<0.01)。(2)西部民族地区青少年在主观幸福感问卷上的平均得分为64.91(SD为13.31),显著高于问卷理论中值54分(t=132.84,p<0.01)和63分(t=12.68,p<0.01)。根据问卷的评分等级划分来看(其中,0表示非常不幸,10表示非常幸福),"0-4"分数段的被试人数仅占1.5%,"4-6"分数段的被试占18.50%,"7-10分"分数段的被试占比80.00%)。总体来看,大多数青少年在城市都体验到了较多、较强的主观幸福感。方差分析表明,除性别和月消费水平因素外,民族、省份、学校、初/高中、主客观经济状况、城镇化类型、城市流动水平、城市生活时间和居所稳定性等因素对主观幸福感的主效应显著,及上述因素不同水平被试之间的主观幸福感存在显著差异(p<0.01)。(3)西部民族地区青少年在核心自我问卷上的的平均得分为39.08(标准差/SD为6.03),显著高于36分(t=44.69,p<0.01)。依据该问卷的评分等级(其中,1表示"非常不同意",5表示"非常同意"),"1-2分"组的被试人数极少(1.10%),"2-4分"组的人数为92%,而"4-5分"组小人数比例为7.10%。总体来看,绝大多数青少年对自我的评价处于"一般"水平,约8%的人对自我的评价是积极、满意的。方差分析发现,除月消费水平因素外,性别、民族、省份、学校、初/高中、主观观经济状况、城镇化类型、城市流动水平、城市生活时间和居所稳定性等因素对核心自我评价的主效应显著,及上述因素不同水平被试之间的核心自我评价存在显著差异(p<0.01)。综合三个测量工具的结果,本研究得出以下主要的结论:(1)大多数西部民族地区青少年的心理健康状况趋于正常,处于良好状况的人数偏少;(2)在性别、民族、省域等人口学变量上不同的被试之间心理健康状况存在差异;(3)学校类型、学校年级等教育变量是影响部民族地区青少年心理健康状况的重要因素,其中职业中学、初三和高三学生的心理健康状况相对较差;(4)城镇化因素是影响部民族地区青少年的重要因素,其中城市离家越近、城市间流动越少、城市生活时间越长的青少年心理健康状况越好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mental health is an important foundation for building the harmonious society, and also an important guarantee for the Chinese nation to realize the great "China dream". The western ethnic region is the underdeveloped area of China. Adolescents are the key force to achieve a comprehensive well-off society in this area, and also the master of the future city. With the rapid development of new urbanization in this region, the mental health status of adolescents in this area is an important subject worth exploring. Mental health status of this gruop is not only related to their healthy growth and success, but also to the great cause of revitalization and national rejuvenation in Western China. The literature review shows that the previous research is mainly based on the problem orientation, using SCL-90 as the representative measurement tool to explore this problem, and the representativeness and comprehensiveness of the sampling are relatively deficient. In addition, empirical studies also pay less attention to the impact of urbanization. Based on the above analysis, this study uses stratified sampling method to select 7899 "urbanization teenagers" from 9 provinces and cities in the west, and select the positive psychological orientation of Asian subjective well-being, Adolescent Mental health scale and Core self scale. The subjective economic status scale and the self-made urbanization process were also used to systematically analyze the mental health status of this group.The average score of adolescents in the mental health questionnaire in western ethnic areas was 114.65(SD 16.57), which was significantly higher than the median value of the questionnaire(t=51.71, p<0.01), which was close to 120(t=-28.71, p<0.01). According to the rating scale of the questionnaire, 62.90% of the subjects reported "rarely or occasionally" to experience the state of mental health, and 36.90% of the subjects reported "often or always" in a state of mental health. On the whole, the mental health level of young people in western ethnic areas generally tended to be normal, and the mental health of 1/3 was good. The analysis of variance found that, in addition to the monthly consumption level, the main effects of gender, ethnic group, province, school, primary/high school, subjective and objective economic status, urbanization type, urban flow level and city life time on mental health were significant, and the psychological health status between the different levels of the above factors was significant. Differences(p<0.01). The average score of adolescents in the western ethnic areas was 64.91(SD 13.31) on the subjective well-being questionnaire(13.31), which was significantly higher than the median score of 54(t=132.84, p<0.01) and 63(t=12.68, p<0.01). According to the grade division of the questionnaire(among them, 0 is very unfortunate, 10 is very happy), the number of subjects in the "0-4" segment is only 1.5%, the "4-6" fraction is 18.50%, the "7-10" score is 80%). Generally speaking, most adolescents experience more subjective well-being in urban areas. The analysis of variance shows that, in addition to the factors of gender and monthly consumption level, the main effects of ethnic, provincial, school, primary/high school, subjective and objective economic status, urbanization type, urban mobility level, urban life time and residence stability are significant to subjective well-being, and the subjective happiness between the different levels of the above factors is fortunate. There was a significant difference in the sense of happiness(p<0.01). The average score of adolescents in the subjective well-being questionnaire in western ethnic areas was 39.08(standard deviation/SD 6.03), which was significantly higher than 36(t=44.69, p<0.01). According to the grade of the questionnaire(of which 1 indicated "very disagree", 5 indicated "very agreed"), the number of subjects in the "1-2" group was very few(1.10%), the number of the "2-4" group was 92%, and the proportion of the "4-5" group was 7.10%. On the whole, the majority of adolescents rated themselves as "general". About 8% of them rated themselves positively and satisfactorily. The analysis of variance found that, in addition to the factors of monthly consumption level, the main effects of gender, ethnic group, province, school, primary/high school, subjective economic status, urbanization type, urban mobility level, urban life time and residence stability were significant to the core self-evaluation, and the core of the above factors at different levels was the core of the subjects. There were significant differences in self evaluation(p<0.01). According to the results of three measuring tools, the main conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) the mental health of young people in most western ethnic areas tends to be normal, and the number of people in good condition is less;(2) there are differences in mental health among different subjects such as gender, National and provincial demography.(3) the educational variables such as school type and school grade are important factors affecting the mental health of young people in the minority areas, among which the psychological health of vocational middle school, junior middle school and senior three students is relatively poor;(4) the urbanization factor is the important factor affecting young people in the Ministry of ethnic minority areas, of which the city is closer to home, and the city is closer to the city. The less mental mobility and the longer urban life, the better mental health of adolescents.更多还原