【作者】 李小雨； 程艳； 董圣鸿；

【Author】 Li Xiaoyu;Cheng Yan;Dong Shenghong;School of psychology, Jiangxi Normal University;Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognitive Science;Primary Education Teachers Branch of Shangrao Normal University;

【机构】 江西师范大学心理学院； 江西师范大学心理与认知科学重点实验室； 上饶师范学院小教分院；

【摘要】 选择性信任是指儿童根据不同的线索对信息提供者的可信赖度进行判断,有选择性地相信其所提供的信息。选择性信任是儿童社会交往的重要认知基础,对于儿童社会化的发展起着重要作用。国内外学者对儿童选择性信任进行了大量研究,发现3岁儿童已经开始表现出选择性信任。影响儿童选择性信任的因素可分为认识性线索和社会性线索两类。近年来,越来越多的研究者开始探究意图与结果对儿童选择性信任的影响,研究发现意图对儿童选择性信任的影响直到5岁甚至6岁时才能观察到。但是,以往研究存在以下不足之处:第一,儿童通过间接手段来推断提示者事先是否知道物品位置,无法确定提示者真的有关于物品位置的知识。第二,儿童通过提示者在寻找者是否找到物品时的情感反应(微笑或皱眉)来推断意图,情感反应干扰意图对选择性信任的影响。为了解决这些问题,本研究借鉴经典的"熟悉(familiarization)-测试(test)"范式,在熟悉阶段,让儿童看到视频中的提示者将糖放到其中一个盒子里,来确保儿童知道提示者有关于物品位置的知识;儿童通过提示者是否建议寻找者打开原先放入糖的盒子来判断提示者的意图,避免了情感反应造成的干扰。实验一以124名4~6岁儿童为研究对象,探讨提示意图(帮助、欺骗)与提示结果(找到、没找到)对儿童选择性信任的影响。为了区分儿童采纳提示者的建议是因为信任提示者,还是为了能得到糖,我们在实验二中增加了部分找到结果这一水平,以128名5~6岁儿童为研究对象,研究提示意图(帮助、欺骗)与提示结果(找到、部分找到、没找到)对儿童选择性信任的影响。结果显示:(1)儿童对欺骗意图的识别要优于对帮助意图的识别;(2)儿童4岁开始就能正确识别提示意图和提示结果相匹配时提示者的意图,5岁能正确识别欺骗-部分找到情境中提示者的意图。但是,只有5~6岁的儿童才表现出选择性信任;(3)5~6岁的儿童只有在提示意图与提示结果相匹配时才能做出正确的信任判断(4)儿童在进行信任判断时既考虑提示意图也考虑提示结果,而且更注重提示结果。更多还原

【Abstract】 Selective trust refers that children use multiple cues to infer one informant’s reliability, and then to determine whether to trust the informant’s past testimony or not. Selective trust is an important cognitive basis for children’s social interaction, and also plays an important role on children’s social development. Recent researches found that this selective trust has been demonstrated among 3-year-olds. The factors that influence children’s selective trust can be classified as cognitive clues and social ones. Most researches have examined the effects of informant’s intention and outcome of past testimony, the results showed that the effects of intention on selective trust of children was not observed until the age of 5 or 6. The most serious limitation among past researches about how intention and outcome affect selective trust is: children are not sure whether or not the informant knows where the stick is, meanwhile, they must attribute the informant’s intention from its affective responses to outcome, which may result in that children are not able to identify the intentions clearly, and that the affective responses may confuse the influence of the intention on selective trust. Current study uses the classic research paradigm. However, it improves the experimental design, by letting the children see that the informant puts the candy into one of the boxes, and to make the children judge the informant’s intention from whether or not the informant suggests the finder to open the box with sugar. Study 1 investigated the effects of informant’s intention(help versus deceive) and outcome of past testimony(finding versus not finding) on selective trust of 124 4-to 6-year-olds. In order to distinguish children adopt informant’s advice because of the trust of the informant, or just to get candy. Study 2 adds on a neutral outcome——to explore the selective trust of developmental mechanism of 128 5-to 6-year-olds. The results were as follows:(1) It is easier for young children to identify deceitful intentions than to identify helpful ones.(2) The development of children’s judgment of intentions is not synchronized with the development of selective trust, 4–year-olds can identify intention when informant’s intentions match the outcome of past testimony, 5-year-olds can identify intention in deceive-neutral outcome the situation. However only 5-to6-year-olds show selective trust.(3) Only when informant’s intention matches outcome of past testimony, can 5-and 6-year-old children make appropriate trust judgment: trust helpful pointer and not trust deceitful one.(4)Both of Informant’s intention and the outcome of past testimony affect the selective trust of children, and the outcome of past testimony is more influential than the intention.更多还原