【作者】 李美佳； 庄丹琪； 彭华茂；

【Author】 LI Meijia;ZHUANG Danqi;PENG Huamao;Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University;

【机构】 北京师范大学心理学部；

【摘要】 类比推理是抽象逻辑思维的一种主要形式,是指在某个情景或者领域中先前获得的有关问题解决方法的知识向另一个情景或领域迁移的过程。面临新问题时,能快速从知识经验中检索出适当的源问题对于老年人来说较为重要,也是体现老年人智慧之所在。关于老年人的类比推理研究多集中于编码阶段且任务范式生态性不足。本研究基于问题解决范式,在确保老年人和年轻人编码水平一致后,研究老年人在类比推理中对源问题的检索是否出现衰退,运用表面信息和结构信息是否存在年龄差异。方法:采用2年龄组(老年/年轻)×2表面相似性(高/低)×2结构相似性(高/低)混合设计,其中年龄组为被试间变量,表面相似性和结构相似性为被试内变量;延迟三天后的推理质量(根据源问题解决靶问题)和检索质量(检索出的表面信息和结构信息)为因变量。29名年轻人(年龄:21.86±1.432)和32名老年人(年龄:69.09±5.114)参与实验。结果发现:在年龄特征上,老年人出现了类比推理老化,老年人比年轻人更依赖于表面信息相似性。在类比推理的表面信息和结构信息上,表面相似性和结构相似性的提高,均会带来推理质量提高;表面信息和结构信息相似性的提高具有跨年龄的优势,老年人和年轻人均可从中受益,更好地检索到源问题。在年龄与因变量的交互上,在推理质量上,对于老年人来说,在表面信息不足时,结构相似性的提高并不会带来推理质量的提升;而当表面信息足够时,结构相似性越高,推理质量越好,说明老年人在表面信息足够的基础上得益于结构相似性的提高;在检索上,相比表面信息,较多结构信息有助于老年人检索质量的提高。检索到与靶问题对应的源问题却无法做出正确的推理很可能是由于检索的质量差造成的。对于提高老年人类比推理的表现,可增加结构信息的传达,如将经验编制为成语等形式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Analogical reasoning is a major form of abstract logical thinking. It refers to the process of knowledge transfer from one situation or field to another. When facing new problems, it is important for older people to retrieve the appropriate source of knowledge as quick as possible. It is also the embodiment of the wisdom of the elderly. Previous researches about the elderly mostly focuses on the coding stage, and the task paradigm is not ecological enough. This study is based on problem-solving paradigm. To ensure a consistent level of encoding in the elderly and young people, we aimed to figure out whether elderly people decayed in the retrieval of source problem, whether there is age difference in the usage of surface information and structural information. Methods: 2 age groups(old/young) × 2 surface similarity(high/low) × 2 structural similarity(high/low) mixed design, in which age group is between-group variables, surface and structure similarity are within-subjects variable; The quality of reasoning after three days(to solve the target problem according to the source problem) and retrieval quality(surface information and structural information retrieved) are the dependent variable. 29 young adults(age: 21.86± 1.432) and 32 elderly subjects(age: 69.09± 5.114) participated in the experiment. The results showed that the elderly experienced analogical reasoning aging, and the elderly relied more on the surface similarity than the young. On the surface and structure information, surface similarity and structure similarity will improve the quality of reasoning; it benefited both age groups when the surface and structure information similarity increased, the elderly and young people can benefit from better retrieval to the source problem. As for interaction effect, for the elderly, when lacking in information on the surface, improving structural similarity will not enhance the quality of reasoning. And when there was enough surface information, they performed better given structural similarity is high, showing that the old people benefited more from structural similarity based on enough information on the surface were given; Compared with surface information, more structure information can help the elderly to improve the quality of retrieval. The retrieval of the source problem corresponding to the target problem does not make the correct reasoning, probably due to poor retrieval quality. To improve the performance of older people in reasoning, we can increase the transmission of structural information, such as summarizing the experience as an idiom.更多还原