【作者】 王大华；

【Author】 Dahua Wang;Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University;

【机构】 北京师范大学心理学部；

【摘要】 失去独生子女会给一个家庭带来多重打击,使得失独父母的心理健康严重受损。对失独人群开展情感与精神慰藉以改善他们的心理健康状况是一项迫切的工作,而政府是这项支持性工作的主要力量来源。以北京市为例,失独家庭被纳入特殊扶持对象范围。每位失独人员每月可以领受一定额度的现金补助,政府为每位失独人员购买一定额度的养老保险(即"暖心计划"),等等。除了经济和物质上的扶持,市政府也在尝试进行常规性的精神慰藉帮助计划。自2011年,北京市计划生育协会在全市推广"心灵家园"项目,在社区开辟固有场所为失独人员提供多样服务或闲暇活动。到2015年已经建立104所心灵家园。2016年夏,本课题组受计划生育协会委托,对心灵家园的运行和管理现状进行了调研。通过走访北京市9个区县中的17所心灵家园,与44位工作人员座谈,对38名失独人员进行个别访谈,收集了较为丰富的一手资料,对心灵家园在失独人员的心理健康帮扶中表现的功能、优势和问题进行了总结和分析。基本结论如下:(1)心灵家园具有重要的象征意义,代表政府的关怀;(2)心灵家园具重要心理意义,满足失独人员归属感需求;(3)心灵家园在一定程度上实现了对失独群体的情感和精神慰藉,有助于改善他们的心理健康;(4)心灵家园的质量参差不齐,效果差异较大;(5)未来的建设重点在于规范化、系统化与专业化。更多还原

【Abstract】 Older parents whose only children have died and have no chance to give another birth are officially called Shiduers. Given the core value of our culture addressing children as the center of a family, losing the only child is undoubtedly a more severe trauma for older people than other loss. Having realized the negative outcomes of losing the only child for older people, the government has initiated early special social welfare policy to provide economic and medical support. Relatively the emotional and mental health of the parents who lost the only children(PLOCs) are more challenging for the formal social support. Beijing started a new social welfare program for PLOCs since 2015. This program is simply called Spiritual Homes project which aims to build up specific places in communities so that PLOCs can go and spend time together there as freely as they do at home. By far more than 100 Homes of this kind have been set up in neighborhoods and various activities are running for the PLOCs. This study aimed to investigate the strength and the weakness of this program and make a guideline for further development. We visited 17 Homes and interviewed 44 employees and 38 PLOCs. By discourse analyses, the results showed that: 1) Spiritual Homes is an indispensable community service for the PLOCs as it implies unique care from the government and the Party; 2) Spiritual Homes is very important as it satisfied the PLOCs’emotional and belonging needs; 3) Spiritual Homes has actualized its original goals effectively that it provided emotional and mental comforts to the PLOCs; 4) However, there exists huge differences among the Homes located in different communities. Local official support and the motivation of the employees determined the effectiveness; 5) Future efforts should involve more professional services into the program, such as social working, psychological training and intervention and so on.更多还原