【作者】 陈国娜； 李艺敏；

【Author】 Chen Guona;Li Yimin;Institution of Psychology and Behavior,Henan University;

【机构】 河南大学心理与行为研究所；

【摘要】 与动物不同,人们用很多的时间去幻想未来。那么,怎么做才能将这些幻想变成强烈的目标追求呢?幻想实现理论提出了4种思考未来的自我调节思维策略,即:心理对照、驻足、空想和反转对照。本文总结了心理对照策略的内涵、功能和应用研究,在此基础上,提出了4点未来的研究展望。心理对照策略是一种元认知自我调节思维策略。通过使用该策略,个体会根据对实现渴望的未来的期望水平来进行目标追求。使用心理对照策略时,个体首先想象渴望实现的未来,然后思考现实中阻碍实现目标的因素,再通过对比目标实现后的收获和现实中的障碍,在未来和现实之间建立起心理联结,从而激活个体达成目标(成功)的期望。成功的期望水平越高,个体对目标的承诺水平越高,为了达成目标付出的努力越多;成功的期望水平越低,放弃该目标的可能性越大。心理对照策略发挥作用的机制有三条,即改变认知、改变动机和改变个体对于消极反馈的反应。脑磁图的研究表明心理对照的过程与意向的形成、工作记忆、情景记忆、有意识的创造性想象、保持意向和准备行动相关脑区的活动有关。最近,越来越多的研究者将心理对照和执行意向结合起来使用(称作MCⅡ干预策略)。研究结果表明,MCⅡ对目标追求的促进效果好于单独使用心理对照或执行意向的效果。研究者在人际关系、学习和工作及健康领域开展的研究都表明,心理对照策略对改变行为是有效的,心理对照策略的效果是跨年龄、跨文化和跨时间的。未来的研究应进一步探索心理对照策略的内涵、针对特殊人群和影响个体心理对照策略使用和效果的因素及在中国情境下开展心理对照研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Unlike animals,human beings spend a lot of time on fantasies of the future.So,what could be done to turn these fantasies into strong goal pursuits? Fantasy Realization Theory has specified four kinds of self-regulative strategies of thinking about the future including mental contrasting,indulging,dwelling,and reverse contrasting.The present paper provides an overview of the concepts,the effects and the related research of mental contrasting,also puts forward four recommendations for future researches.Mental contrasting is a self-regulatory strategy for goal setting,which specifies how people can turn their wishes into binding goals and plans,and eventually goal attainment.When people engage in mental contrasting,they first imagine a desired future outcome and then mentally elaborate on the present reality that stands in the way of attaining the desired future outcome.By imagining the future and thereafter imagining obstacles of reality,the future and the reality become simultaneously accessible,and the expectations of success are activated.The higher expectations of success,the more likely people commit to and strive for attaining the desired future out;in contrast,the lower expectations of success,the more likely people let go or disengage from goal pursuit.To explain the effects of mental contrasting on behavior change,research has identified three sets of mechanisms:cognitive changes,motivational changes,and responses to setbacks.Research using MEG show that the process of mental contrasting is connected with brain areas related to intention formation,working memory,episodic memory,vividly imagining events and holding intentions as well as with action preparation.More recent studies have tried to combine mental contrasting with implementation intentions(MCII).Results of these studies indicate that the effects of MCII on goal pursuits are stronger than its two components by itself.Mental contrasting can be taught as a meta-cognitive,cost-and time-effective strategy to produce behavior changes ranging from interpersonal relationship,study and work to health domain.The effects of mental contrasting are cross-domain,crossculture,cross-age and cross-time.Four recommendations for future researches are presented.First,future research should further explore the concept of mental contrasting and distinguish it from the other time-based concepts.Second,future research should examine the factors which have effects on the use and the results of mental contrasting.Third,research should be conducted in more specific fields.Fourth and finally,future research should consider how cultural background might influence the outcomes of mental contrasting.更多还原