【作者】 陈蕾； 董圣鸿；

【Author】 Dong Shenghong;Chen Lei;School of psychology,Jiangxi Normal University;

【机构】 江西师范大学心理学院；

【摘要】 传递性推理是由两个或两个以上的具有传递性关系的判断构成的推理,是一种间接关系的推理。当前,学者对儿童获得传递性推理能力的年龄一直是探索的热点,例如,Pears和Bryant认为儿童在4岁时进行传递性推理;李红等人认为儿童在2.5岁解决了比较句式理解和对前提记忆的问题之后能解决三项系列问题;毕鸿燕等人认为4岁的儿童具备了空间方位的传递性推理能力。但传递性推理结果的年龄差异可能来源于以下两个问题:(1)未能区分儿童是依据逻辑推理回答问题还是依据知识经验来回答问题。例如,有学者运用日常生活中的辈分问题探索儿童传递性推理的发展,但此类问题仅凭借日常知识经验就能回答。(2)未能区分儿童是依据知觉判断来回答问题还是依据逻辑推理来回答问题。例如有学者通过实际的玩具模型让儿童进行空间上下方位关系的推理,而这样的推理可以通过位置关系直接观察获得。另外,以往的研究多采用长度或者大小考察儿童的推理任务,但较少人运用重量进行推理研究,而物体的轻重仅凭知觉是会判断有误的,因此用重量推理更加能够满足实验设计中的材料形式的要求。因此,本研究运用重量的传递性推理任务对儿童的传递性推理能力进行探索,目的是为了通过控制知识经验以及知觉判断来确定儿童形成真正逻辑传递性推理的具体时间。研究采用2(材料熟悉度)×2(材料性质)×3(材料形式)×5(年龄段)的混合设计。其中被试内因素为材料熟悉度、材料性质和材料形式。结果发现:1.儿童进行推理时,受到了知觉信息、知识经验的影响,年龄越小的儿童则受到材料中这两种因素的影响越大。2.掌握重量传递性推理要到小学一年级末二年级初,平均年龄为7.07岁,此时儿童开始依据逻辑进行推理,而摆脱材料的形式和熟悉度的影响。3.未掌握传递性推理的儿童进行推理时基本上属于非逻辑的理性加工,作答时对于熟悉的信息,倾向于按事实知识做出选择;对于不熟悉的信息倾向于按知觉信息做出选择。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present,there are two problem for the study of children’s transitive inference ability development.First of all,currently,it is still controversial that when the children’s transitive inference ability generates.According to different tasks,different scholars explore different formation time of children’s transitive inference ability.Second,the study about children’s transitive inference ability mainly through the length,size and spatial transitive on children’s ability to explore,but this method fails to distinguish the ways that whether children answer the questions basing on true logical reasoning,or according to common experience,(familiarity with the thing),or basing on perceptual judgment.According to the "theory of reasoning problem and the reasoning knowledge of double structure" :when content knowledge of children’s reasoning is dominant,children will ratiocinate and judge according to the familiarity of the material(sensory experiences),and the perception of information faculty;when form of knowledge of children’s reasoning is dominant,children ratiocinate and judge according to the logical characteristics of the material provided.Therefore,according to the shortcomings of the past,our study uses the weight of the transitive inference tasks to explore children’s transitive inference ability to determine the specific time for children to form true logical transitive inference by controlling the knowledge experience and perceptual judgment.This study has a deep investigation on the development of children’s transitive inference ability using the task of transitive inference of weight.2(materials familiarity)×2(material properties)×3(material form)×5(age) mixed design was adopted,in order to find out the trace of development of 3 to 7 year olds’ transitive inference ability,and whether they have a grasp of perceptual judgments.Meanwhile,researchers investigate the earliest age of children who have already mastered the transitive inference ability eliminating perceptual judgment.Results show that:(1) Perception information and knowledge experience will influence children’s ability of weight transitive inference when form knowledge is not in the ascendancy.(2) Children master the weight transitive inference of which the form knowledge is in the ascendancy basically during the end of first-year elementary school till the beginning of second grade,at the age of 7.07,on average.The results suggests that when children do the transitive inference tasks,they will ratiocinate and judge according to the perceptual judgment firstly.When the perceptual judgment can’t be determined,they will judge according to experience,but they are not able to use logic to judge.It shows that the content knowledge of children’s reasoning is higher than the form of knowledge.With the development of children’s logical,children begin to really have the ability to ratiocinate,at this time children’s reasoning form knowledge is higher than the content knowledge.Only when the children are provided for the unfamiliar logical relationship,and the tasks that they can’t finish only by perceptive judgment,that it can be confirmed that children obtain the ability of the transitive inference.This result conforms with the theory of reasoning problem and the reasoning knowledge of double structure.Therefore,children master the transitive inference of which the form knowledge is in the ascendancy basically at the age of 7.07,on average.更多还原