【作者】 张红霞； 陈小莹； 马靓； 周仁来；

【Author】 Hongxia Zhang;Xiaoying Chen;Liang Ma;Renlai Zhou;School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University;Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavior Sciences, Nanjing University;

【机构】 北京师范大学心理学院； 南京大学社会学院心理学系；

【摘要】 学习困难是指智力和情绪正常但在获得学习能力上存在缺陷,被医学和心理学家公认为是一种脑功能障碍,其认知加工方式可能与正常人不同。事件性前瞻记忆是前瞻记忆的一种,是指记住在遇到某特定线索或事件时做某事。前瞻记忆包括两个内部成分,前瞻成分和回溯成分。前者是指记得有某事要做(对行为的大概了解),后者是指记得具体该执行某事,或是在什么时候执行某事。预备注意加工和记忆加工理论(PAM)认为前瞻成分受预备注意加工控制,回溯成分受记忆控制。研究采用能力-差异比较法、排除法和筛选法相结合的方法从北京某中学的初一年级中筛选出21名学习困难儿童(男生13人;女生8人)和23名正常儿童(男生14人;女生9人),并使用基于双重任务的实验室研究范式的颜色匹配任务对其进行测试,应用多项式加工树状模型对其事件性前瞻记忆内部成分进行建模分析,旨在探讨学困儿童的事件性前瞻记忆能力以及内部认知加工过程与正常儿童是否有差异,进一步为在后续的教学教育过程中进行有针对性的干预提供依据。结果发现:学困儿童的前瞻记忆能力显著低于正常儿童(p<0.05);多项式加工树状模型的结果发现学困儿童的前瞻成分显著低于正常儿童(p<0.05),而二者的回溯成分无显著差异。基于PAM理论,研究得出如下结论:学困儿童的记住执行具体事件的能力与正常儿童没有差异,但是由于注意资源匮乏或无法将注意资源准确分配到目标事件上,从而导致其事件性前瞻记忆能力差于正常儿童,在以后的教学工作中可以通过针对性性的训练其注意能力进行改善。更多还原

【Abstract】 Learning Disability was defined as individuals whose intelligence and emotion is normal while their learning ability impaired. It is known as a result of brain dysfunction and theirs cognitive processes may be different from normal individuals. Event-based prospective memory involves remembering to perform an action in response to a particular future event. It inherently contains both prospective component and retrospective components. The former means remembering that an action needs to be carried out, and the latter means remembering what action needs to be executed and when. The preparatory attentional and memory processes(PAM) theory informs that the preparatory attentional processes are resource demanding and retrospective memory processes are for recognition of a target event as a target and for recollection of the intended action. This study used color- matching task to investigate the difference of event-based prospective memory between normal children(23, 13 males and 8 females) and Learning Disable children(25, 14 males and 9 females) from first grade in a junior high school chosen by selection which combined with Capacity-difference comparison, deduction and screening method. And Multinomial Processing Tree(MPT) model was utilized to disentangle the prospective and retrospective recognition components in order to provide a targeted method of intervention and training. The result showed that the Event-based prospective memory performance of Learning Disable children was worse than normal children(p < 0.05). In addition, the result of MPT model indicated that children in the Learn Disable group were impaired more than normal group(p < 0.05) while there was no significant difference between each other in retrospective component. Based on the PAM theory, we can conclude that there are no difference in ability of executing specific event between Learning Disable children and normal children. However, the former children was might be impaired in attention resource or the ability of allocation of attention resource on target which result in the Learning Disable children’s Event-based prospective performance impaired. Furthermore, we can improve it directly at training theirs attention ability.更多还原