【作者】 李丽娟； 郑红星；

【Author】 Li Lijuan Zheng Hongxing (Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101)

【机构】 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所；

【摘要】 本文从水资源开发利用中的生态环境问题出发,探讨了河流系统生态环境需水量的内涵.指出生态环境需水量是指为维持地表水体特定的生态环境功能,天然水体必须蓄存和消耗的最小水量.在这一概念的基础上,构建计算河流系统生态环境需水量的理论基础.以海滦河流域为例,分三部分(即河流基本生态环境需水量、河流输沙排盐水量和湖泊洼地生态环境需水量)概算了区域河流系统的生态环境需水量.计算结果表明,海滦河流域生态需水量为124亿m~3,约占流域地表径流总量的47%.认为:海滦河流域水资源开发率不宜超过40%.当前海滦河流域河流系统水资源开发利用水平已经超过了这一上限阈值,必须加以调控,以避免更为严重的生态环境危机的出现.更多还原

【Abstract】 In the history of water utilization and development, our attention was mainly paid on the benefit we can get from rivers while the environmental and ecological function of the river system used to be neglect-ed . Thus the activities of water utilization and development were accompanied by more and more serious environmental and ecological problems. In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems in-duced by water resources development and utilization, this paper has proposed a concept of environmental and ecological water needs. In general, we defined that the environmental and ecological water needs means the minimum water that must be saved in or consumed by the natural water body to conserve its en-vironmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods on calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water needs are determined. It divided the water needs into three parts, i. e. the basic water needs of rivers, water needs for transportation of sediments and salts, water needs for evap-oration of the lakes. The methods of calculating the different parts of water needs were shown in expres-sions. In a case study on Hai-Luanhe Basins, the hydrological records before 1960, which may represent the natural condition of the river systems, were used for calculating. The results of the calculation have shown that the environmental and ecological water needs in the Basins is about 124 ×10~8m~3, including 57 × 10~8m~3 for basic consumption, 63 × 10~8m~3 for transportation of sediments and salts and 4 × 10~8m~3 for evaporation of lakes. Thus it was estimated that the total amount of environmental and ecological water needs accounts 47% of the amount of runoff (264 × 10~8 m~3). However, there are still some parts of envir-onmental and ecological needs that are not under our consideration. It should be realized that the required amount of environmental and ecological water needs must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we considered that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the basins must be no more than 40% . Since the current utilization rate of the Basins, which is as high as 90% , has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is on the urgency to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate those problems existed and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis that are still not clear.更多还原