【作者】 马克平； 米湘成； 魏伟； 卢志军；

【Author】 MA Keping,MI Xiangcheng,WEI Wei and LU Zhijun (Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology,Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093)

【机构】 中国科学院植物研究所植被数量生态学重点实验室；

【摘要】 生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,具有巨大的商品和公益价值。据Costanza等(1997)估计,全球生物多样性每年为人类创造约33.3万亿美元的价值。美国总统科学顾问委员会(1998)从活资本(living capital)的战略高度,强调认识和重视生物多样性的保护和利用的重要性。本文从生物多样性的生态系统功能、生物多样性价值评估、热点地区(hotspot)/关键地区(key area)与保护对策的确定、生物安全与生物入侵以及生物多样性的编目与信息管理等五个方面评述了国际上生物多样性研究的进展。中国是世界上少数几个生物多样性特别丰富的国家(mega-biodiversity countries)之一。作为人口最多的发展中国家和农业大国,中国比其它国家更依赖于生物多样性。然而,巨大的人口压力、高速的经济发展对资源需求的日益增加和利用不当,使中国生物多样性受到极为严重的威胁:40%的生态系统已严重退化、15%～20%的物种处于严重受威胁状态、遗传多样性大量丧失。中国作为世界三大栽培植物起源中心之一,有相当数量的、携带宝贵种质资源的野生近缘种分布,其生境受到严重破坏,形势十分严峻。在有关部门的大力支持下,1991～2003年间,中国科学院主持了五个生物多样性方面的重大研究项目,在物种多样性、遗传多样性、生态系统多样性和生物多样性信息管理等方面取得了比较大的进展。这些研究,初步明确了我国一些重要森林、草原、淡水和珊瑚礁生态系统的受损现状及其原因,评估了重要濒危物种的受威胁状态及其机制,为生物多样性保育提供了科学依据,其中一些工作在国际学术界产生了一定的影响。在此基础上,国家基础研究规划项目中又安排了"长江流域生物多样性变化、可持续利用与区域生态安全"项目,加大对生物多样性研究工作的支持力度。根据我国生物多样性研究的具体情况,参考国际上本领域的发展趋势,提出中国生物多样性研究应重视的几个方面,与同仁们讨论。主要包括:(1)生物多样性起源与演化;(2)物种的濒危机制与遗传多样性的变化和维持;(3)生物多样性的生态系统功能;(4)生物多样性编目、监测与信息系统建设;(5)全球变化与生物多样性;(6)生物安全与外来种入侵。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the enormous commercial value and indirect benefits,biodiversity is the basis for the survival and development of human beings.According to the estimates from Costanza et al.(1997).,the value provided by global biodiversity per year is 33.3 trillions US $.President’s Committee of Advisers on Science and Technology of USA(1998) regarded biodiversity as living capital for the development of society,and called for attention to biodiversity conservation and its sustainable use.In brief,biodiversity is now becoming a hotspot in both academic field and international society.The following topics were reviewed in the whole text in terms of advances in biodiversity research,i.e.ecosystem function of biodiversity;economic valuation of biodiversity;hotspots/key areas identification and conservation strategy;biosafety and biological invasion;and biodiversity inventory and information management. China is one of a few countries with mega-diversity in the world.As a developing agricultural country with a huge population,China depends more on biodiversity than others do.However,China’s biodiversity is most severely threatened because of enormous pressure of population,and rapid growth of economy which exerted heavy impacts on biological resources.It was estimated that 40%of ecosystems in terms of area were degraded severely, 15%-20%of species being highly threatened,and genetic diversity suffered greatly from a heavy erosion. With the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC) and the Ministry of Science and Technology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) chaired 5 major programs on biodiversity research in the period of 1991-2003 and gained pretty rich achievements in the research of species diversity,genetic diversity,ecosystem diversity and biodiversity information management.Since 1997,the NSFC,the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) and CAS have supported 3 more key programs on biodiversity research to enhance research in this field.The research conducted in the past few years revealed preliminarily the current status of forest,grassland,freshwater and coral reef ecosystems, and their degradation causes;assessed threatened status and its mechanism of a number of important endangered species,which provided a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and received a positive response in international academic community.Besides,among the series of programs under the National Basic Research Plan,MOST sponsored one specifically on biodiversity research in Yangtze River Catchment in April of 2000,and the amount of funding is the highest of its kind in this field up to now. According to the current status of biodiversity research in China,and referring to the trends of biodiversity research abroad,we propose the following issues as priorities for consideration in terms of future studies in China:1) origin and evolution of biodiversity; 2) mechanism for species endangerment,and its change and maintenance;3) biodiversity and ecosystem function,4) biodiversity inventory,monitoring and information management system construction,5) bio-safety and biological invasion,and 6) global change and biodiversity.更多还原