【作者】 丁维维； 毛志雄； 王旭；

【Author】 Wei-Wei DING,Zhi-Xiong MAO,Xu WANG Sport Psychology Section,Beijing Sport University. No.48,Information Road,Haidian District,Beijing,100084,China.

【机构】 北京体育大学运动心理教研室；

【摘要】 背景:体育锻炼的身心效益得到人们的普遍认可,然而进行规律性体育锻炼的人口较少,许多人仅停留在知而不行的阶段。为了促进人们的体育锻炼行为,研究者提出了许多健康行为改变理论和模型,然而模型对意向的解释力较好而对行为的预测解释力较为不足。为了提高对行为的预测力,国内外研究者引入自我决定理论(Self-determination Theory,简称SDT,Deci & Ryan,1985)。然而国内对该理论五个子理论的认识不一,理论研究和跨文化检验尚缺乏。目的:本研究试图对国外SDT的五个子理论的研究进行梳理,构建基于自我决定理论的锻炼行为模型并对模型进行验证,为提高行为的预测力、促进人们的锻炼行为服务。方法:480名中学生锻炼者参加了本研究(男生221人,女生259人),年龄范围在11-18岁之间(M=15.67,SD=3.52),他们经常参加规律的锻炼班。他们填写了一组自主支持感、心理需要满足(自主、能力、归属)、动机调节、目标内容、因果定向(自主定向、控制定向和非个人定向)和锻炼行为的量表,通过结构方程模型考查这些变量之间的关系。结果:基于SDT构建的锻炼行为模型各项指数拟合较好,并且解释了行为方差的26%,说明对行为的预测解释力有一定提高。学生从锻炼班的指导者获得的自主支持感可以预测心理需要满足,三种基本心理需要的满足与自主性动机调节相关,三种基本心理需要在其中起到中介作用,认同调节和内摄调节是锻炼行为的正向预测变量,能力需要满足也可以直接预测和通过认同调节间接预测锻炼行为。内部目标也可以通过基本心理需要的满足,间接地预测自主性动机。三种因果定向的人格因素在自主支持感和基本心理需要之间起调节作用。结论:基于SDT构建的锻炼行为模型适用于中学生群体的锻炼行为,这些研究结果也在锻炼领域中支持了SDT,研究提示我们锻炼指导者或体育教师可以通过培养中学生的自主性动机以及帮助他们树立内部锻炼目标来促进锻炼行为,同时提倡创造自主支持的锻炼环境有利于锻炼行为的增加,因此建议在对行为进行干预时可以采用环境因素和个人心理因素共同作用的"双管齐下"的干预方式,这也许能够更有效地提升中学生的锻炼行为。更多还原

【Abstract】 Background.Exercise’s physical and psychology benefits are widespread approved. Despite this,many people know the benefit but can’t do sport thus there are a small number of regular exercisers.In order to promote people’s exercise behavior,researchers have put forward many health behavior change theories and models.There are also some shortages such as the explanatory power to intention is good enough but the power to behavior is insufficient.In order to improve the power of behavior,the researchers brought in Self-determination Theory(SDT for short).Nowadays five mini-theory are developed including in SDT based on Deci and Ryan’s study,however researchers’ understanding about the SDT are quite different and cross-culture tests still needs a lot in China.Aims.This study attempts to introduce SDT’s five mini-theory and build a model basing on SDT,and then test the model for improving the behavior explanatory power and enhancing people’s exercise behavior.Method.Participants were 480 middle school students(male = 221,female = 259),aged from 11 to 18(M = 15.67,SD = 3.52),all of them participated in regular exercise classes.Participants completed a group of questionnaire that included measures of perceived autonomy support,basic psychology needs(autonomy, competence,relatedness),motivational regulation,goal content,causality orientations(autonomy, control,impersonal) and exercise behavior.Structural equation model analysis revealed the relationship of these constructs.Results.Every indexes of exercise behavior model based on SDT’s constructs were fitting very well and 26%behavior variance of the model was interpretation.Firstly,Perceived autonomy support of students could predict psychology need satisfaction,and the basic psychology need was correlated with self-determined motivation, among them basic psychology need played the role of mediation.Secondly,identification regulation and introjected regulation were positively predicted exercise behavior.Thirdly, competence need satisfaction could directly predict and through identification regulation indirectly predicted exercise behavior.Moreover,internal goal could predict self-determined motivation through basic psychology need.Lastly,personality character of three causality orientations played the role of moderator between perceived autonomy support and basic psychology need. Conclusions.Exercise behavior model based on SDT was quite suitable to middle school students, and the results support the SDT in exercise domain.Also,the results pointed out exerciser instructors and PE teachers should promote students’ self-determined motivation and help formation the internal exercise goal to enhance their exercise behavior,at the same time encouraging create exercise environment of autonomy support to benefit for the exercise behavior. Further,we gave suggestion that adopted the intervene method of combined the environment factor and psychology factor maybe more effective in promoting middle school students’ exercise behavior.更多还原