【作者】 于淋； 黄志剑；

【Author】 Yu Lin~1 Huang Zhijian~2 1 Graduate school,Wuhan Sports University,Wuhan,430079 2 College of Health Science,Wuhan Sports University,Wuhan,430079,

【机构】 武汉体育学院研究生院； 武汉体育学院健康科学学院；

【摘要】 体育运动,特别是体育比赛,需要参与者在动态的环境中努力争取最优秀的表现。在瞬息变化的运动情境中,运动员需要迅速地搜索到有用的视觉信息,并加工处理,进而做出相应的动作反应。同时在这种环境中,运动员常常经历着高度的紧张与焦虑的情绪,能够在高水平的焦虑状态下控制注意力被认为是运动员取得成功的要素之一。随着技术的发展,轻便的头戴式眼动仪可以准确的在运动情境中记录运动员的眼动指标,研究者们可以更准确地研究运动情境中的眼动和视觉注意行为。静眼现象,作为一种长期训练和运动专长的眼动指标,被越来越多的研究者所关注。静眼现象(Quiet eye),是指在个体在进行关键动作之前眼睛对一个特定的对象或空间位置的注视。这种现象最早是Joan Vickers在研究篮球罚球任务的过程中发现的。在此之后的十几年里,国内外研究者针对这一现象进行了大量研究,并基于研究结果提出的一种训练方法——"静眼训练"以提高远距离瞄准任务(罚球、射击等)的成绩。本文对国内外相关文献进行系统地梳理,首先阐述了静眼现象的定义和产生机制。然后对静眼现象在运动心理学的各个研究领域中的应用进行了整理,发现"静眼期的持续时间"已经被作为一个客观指标在某些项目(如篮球、足球、射击射箭、高尔夫、飞镖等)中来衡量运动员的专业化程度,并根据研究所得的结果设计了相应的静眼训练来提高运动成绩。此外还有研究表明静眼训练也能促进新手运动员对某些动作技能(一般是远距离瞄准类的动作)的学习,并且压力环境和焦虑情绪也会对静眼期的持续时间产生较大的影响。最后对未来静眼现象和静眼训练的研究进行了展望,研究者或许需要对静眼现象的内部神经机制和心理机制进行深入的研究,并将现有的研究结果应用于训练和比赛的实践中。更多还原

【Abstract】 In sports setting,especially athletic contests,participants always strive for the best performance in a dynamic environment.In circumstances of fast-changing,athletes need to search for useful visual information quickly,process and then make the corresponding action.At the same time,the athletes often experiencing a high degree of tension and anxiety,and controlling attention well in a state of high level of anxiety is considered to be one of the elements of success athletes.With the development of technology,lightweight head-mounted eye trackers can exactly record athletes’ eye movements in sports setting,researchers can study eye movements and visual attention in movement situation more accurately.Quiet eye phenomenon,as a long-term training and Expertise eye movement indicators,was attention by more and more researchers. Quiet Eye phenomenon refers to the individual’s eyes before the eyes fix on a specific object or space position before the key actions.This phenomenon was first found by Joan Vickers in basketball free throw task.During the ten years after Vickers found quiet eye,a lot of research were done by domestic and foreign researchers about this phenomenon,and based on the research results they put forward a method of training - "Quiet eye training" in order to improve the far aiming task(free throw and shooting,etc.).In this paper,we reviewed the related literature at home and abroad systematically.First of all,we explained the definition of quiet eye phenomenon and mechanism of quiet eye.Then we liquidated the researches which quiet eye phenomenon application in sports psychology,and we found that the "Quiet eye duration"(or quiet eye period) has been used as an objective index in some sport events(such as basketball,football,shooting, archery,golf,darts,etc.) to measure the specialization degree of athletes.According to the results of the study they designed the quiet eye training to improve athletic performance.In addition quiet eye training can also promote novice players’ certain motor skills(usually far aiming task),and anxiety and pressure may affect quiet eye duration too.Finally,the future research for quiet eye phenomenon and quiet eye training was prospected,researchers may need to research the internal neural mechanisms and psychological mechanism of the quiet eye,and used the existing research results in training and competition practice.更多还原