【作者】 汪凤炎； 郑红；

【Author】 Wang Fengyan,Zheng Hong School of Psychology,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing,210097

【机构】 南京师范大学心理学院；

【摘要】 智慧的德才兼备理论,是指从德才兼备的角度界定智慧,主张良好品德与聪明才智的有机统一乃是智慧本质的一种理论。它于2009年11月在"第十二届全国心理学学术大会"的专题讨论会上正式"亮相",至今已有近4年时间。在这期间,关于"智慧的德才兼备理论"的研究又取得了一些新进展,主要体现在4个方面:①进一步完善了智慧的定义,主张智慧是个体在其智力与知识的基础上,经由经验与练习习得的一种德才兼备的综合心理素质。②进一步完善了对智慧结构的新看法,主张"良好品德与聪明才智的合金"是智慧的本质,这样,智慧由德与才两大成份组成。其中,若将聪明才智作进一步分解,它主要由三部分构成:一是正常乃至高水平的智力;二是足够用的实用知识(包括元认知知识与默会知识在内);三是良好思维方式。同时,若将智慧中的善作类型划分,主要有动机上的善(善良动机)、效果上的善(具有利他或既利他又利己的效果)与手段上的善等三种。③进一步完善了对智慧的新分类,并详细探讨了两种新智慧分类观:依据智慧里所包含才能的性质不同,将智慧分为"道德智慧"(简称"德慧")与"自然智慧"(简称"物慧")两种类型:前者指个体在解决复杂主我客我关系、人我关系以及物我关系等复杂人生问题中展现出来的智慧,后者指个体在解决复杂自然科学与技术问题中展现出来的智慧;依据智慧里所包含的创造是真创造还是类创造的差异,将智慧分为"真智慧"与"类智慧"两种类型:前者指个体取得了一项或多项针对全人类而言都具新颖性且有社会价值成果的智慧,后者指个体取得了一项或多项针对自己已往成果而言具新颖性且有社会价值成果的智慧。④开展了"中德大学生智慧者提名的跨文化研究"、"智慧者/聪明者/愚蠢者提名的问卷研究"与"中西文化智慧认知差异的内隐测量研究"等多项实证研究,研究结果证实了"智慧的德才兼备理论"的核心观点是成立的。更多还原

【Abstract】 The new theory of wisdom integrating intelligence and morality argues that the organic unity of morality and intelligence is the essence of wisdom.It has been four years since the theory was formally presented at the seminar of the 12th National Academic Congress of Psychology in November 2009.During this time,some new advances have been made in researches on this theory.They are mainly embodied in the following four aspects:Firstly,in order to perfect the definition of wisdom,we argue that wisdom is a mental capacity combining intelligence with moral virtue in the process of gaining knowledge and practice based on intelligence and knowledge.Secondly,we think that the integration of intelligence with morality is the essence of wisdom.In this way,wisdom consists of two major components:smart and morality.The smart can be divided into three subcomponents:normal or even high-level IQ;enough practical knowledge,including meta-cognitive knowledge and tacit knowledge;and good method of thinking.The morality in wisdom can be classified into three categories: good motivation,altruistic effect or both altruistic and egoistical effect,and instrumental goodness.Thirdly,we have made some new progresses on the classification of wisdom and investigate two new perspectives on classification of wisdom in detail.Considering the heterogeneity of those capabilities in wisdom,we classified wisdom into moral wisdom and natural wisdom:Moral wisdom is defined as "a kind of wisdom individuals use to solve the problems of relation between I and me,relation between the self and others,and relation between the person and the object.Natural wisdom is defined as "a kind of wisdom individuals use to solve complex scientific and technical problems".Considering the difference between true creativity and quasi-creativity in wisdom,we classified wisdom into true wisdom and quasi-wisdom:True wisdom is wisdom with which one can make original insights beyond the existing knowledge attained by humankind,which may contribute to the advancement of human knowledge and civilization.Quasi-wisdom is wisdom with which one can make novel insights beyond what he/she already knows and thus add new knowledge to the stock of his knowledge.Finally,a series of empirical researches have been done,for instance,Cross-cultural "wise man nomination" Research of Sino-German University Students,Questionnaire Research of "wise man,clever man or foolish man nomination", Implicit Measures of Cognitive Differences in Wisdom between Chinese and Western Culture.Results of these researches have proved core ideas in theory of wisdom integrating intelligence and morality.更多还原