【作者】 郑琛； 刘志雅；

【Author】 Zheng Chen~1,Liu Zhiya~1 1 South China Normal University,School of Psychology,Guangzhou,510631

【机构】 华南师范大学心理学院；

【摘要】 规则探索的基本过程包括假设的形成以及检验。通过对已有信息进行搜集和评估,规则的探索者可以进一步探明他们所假设的规则与那真实世界中的未知规则是否相符,以求进一步指导自身的生存以及更好地适应当前所处的环境。2 4 6任务是规则研究的经典范式,通过这一范式的研究有研究者认为,信息量可以决定人们发现规则的可获得性,即在同样一组数组中,被试更倾向于首先生成信息量大的规则以供检验,样例数目越多,信息量越少,反之,信息量越大。比如对于"2,4,6"这一数组,规则"以2的倍数递增"将比规则"都是正数"更容易生成。但也有研究认为背景信息确实影响到规则发现过程中什么样的规则更容易被提取。双加工理论认为,人类大脑中存在两种不同的认知系统,一种系统比较类似于神经网络,另一种比较类似于规则加工。神经网络要求单元之间建立多重链接,要求通过训练发展出由无数难以理解的数量权重组成的模型,这些模型很显然是内隐的,而基于规则的符号系统则是外显的。文章通过两个实验,验证了新提出的假设:规则发现的可获得性不由信息量或背景信息单方面决定,而是受不同认知加工过程的影响。实验结果表明,信息量或是背景信息因素都对规则生成有非常显著的影响,但单一方面均不能完好解释规则生成的可获得性过程,实验结果支持双加工理论,可以看到规则发现过程出现内隐与外显不同工作方式间的显著区别。且于内隐工作方式中,我们进一步发现了信息整合学习模式的存在,即被试在对信息量非常低的规则进行发现过程中,能够依据已发现的规则做出正确判断,但却无法对已发现的规则进行正确表述。更多还原

【Abstract】 The basic process includes rules explore hypothesis formation and testing.By collecting and evaluating existing information,explorers can proved their hypothesis whether it is consistent with the real world.2-4-6 task is the classic paradigm for studying rule-learning process.Through this paradigm some researchers believe that the amount of information can determine the availability of the rules.Participants were more likely to generate a rule that has large amount of information for the first test.To qualificate this concept,researchers found that the quantity of information can be determined by the maximum of examples of that rule.The more the number of examples,the less amount of information,on the contrary,the greater the amount of information. For instace,"2,4,6" This array of rules can be accounted for "in increments of 2" much easier rather than the rule "three positive number".But there are also studies confirmed that background information does affect rule discovery process.Dual-processing theory may give us many enlightenment.It said that in the human brain there are two different cognitive system,one is similar to neural networks,and another more similar to rule processing.Neural network requirements to create multiple links between units,developed through the training required by the countless number of weights is difficult to understand the composition of models,which is clearly implicit.And rule-based system is explicit.In this article we examine our new hypothesis through two experiments:the availability of rules is not determined neither by background information nor the amount of information,but by the impact of different cognitive processes.Experimental results show that the amount of information or background information that generate the rule has a very significant influence,but not intact single respects the availability of interpretation of the rules to be generated,these results support the dual-processing theory,one can see the rule discovery process implicit and explicit emerge from different ways of working.In implicit ways of working,we further found that the presence of information integration learning mode.更多还原